Short Takes and Retakes (Round Two): More of the Same

Oppenheimer and Barbie — or, more poetically, Barbieheimer

“Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning”

The opera world over in Europe, but especially in the U.S. of A., has been undergoing quite the momentous change of late. Turmoil, if you don’t mind the expression, has become the accepted norm. It’s developing into more of a burden than a boon to lovers of the art form. In similar fashion, the movies and the movie industry as a whole have been hit with bombs, bombs, and more bombs – both literally and, well, figuratively speaking to boot!

The past year’s box-office boxing contest, then, between reigning champs Oppenheimer and Barbie, which ended in a virtual draw, brought unexpected sighs of relief for the (ahem) “security” and efficacy of the cinema — that is, for the time being. But I wouldn’t rest on my laurels if I were them. Online streaming services have grown more efficient and have permanently (and irrevocably) taken over the limelight, at least for the foreseeable future.

Meanwhile, pathbreaking operatic works, along with old war horses cloaked in new clothes, have draped the staid Metropolitan Opera House’s stage over the past few seasons alone.  While the current season continues to hobble along its pathetic path, at “last look” the plethora of new productions have taken on a veritable samey, samey, “ho-hum, so what’s next on the agenda” attitude. “Relevance,” that dirty little term of art, is once again rearing its head and permanently in vogue at that venerable institution, with decidedly mixed results.

Where to turn? What to do? Who to call?

Well, in my book it’s time to take stock of where we are, where we have been, and where we are bound. In other words, to rehash my “Short Takes” outlook on the season’s past and possible future. A critical, if not too judgmental (hah!), look at what worked and what didn’t, and not just about the opera.

Yes, we’re in for a bumpy ride of puns!

Paris, Texas (1984)

German director Wim Wender’s heartfelt paean to the American Southwest and his love for all things nostalgic (music being among them) reached its summit in this classic cinematic take of a mysterious loner’s return to his roots.

Travis (Harry Dean Stanton) in Wim Wenders’ Paris, Texas (1984)

Filmed on location and starring the irrepressible, dour-faced craggy emblem of the arcane, the inscrutable character actor Harry Dean Stanton, who gives an Academy Award-standard performance of haunting melancholy and repressed emotions. Stanton plays a scruffy, haggard-looking fellow named Travis, about as American as one can get.

This beautifully photographed film also boasts sterling turns from every cast member. Plus, that incredibly atmospheric Ry Cooder slide-guitar music score – a classic by any definition of the term – which vibrates with subliminal meaning at every turn and every time it’s played. A certifiable classic through and through!

Relationships are broken, then re-established and broken again in a truly moving yet lowkey finale that takes its sweet time to get to where it wants to go. But don’t let that lull you into inaction, as it’s well worth the extra mile and effort to stick with this one – right up until the end.

There are no murders or bank robberies to speak of, nor are there any so-called “action sequences” or mindless car chases to disrupt the quiet and solitude. Instead, an ambience of calm resignation descends upon the whole proceedings, one that is maintained and carried throughout. All of which are to this picture’s credit.

8½ (1963)

A certifiable puzzler of a foreign feature when it first came out in the early 1960s, this Federico Fellini-directed and produced work, which many film scholars and avid fans claim to have been the director’s finest motion picture, is a real oddity of a showpiece.

Fellini, who was known in Italy and abroad as kind of a maverick and an inveterate innovator and spinner of tall tales (the winner in that category was Sergio Leone), took the Italian neorealist style to its ultimate extreme in this highly eccentric, peculiarly semiautobiographical depiction of a veteran filmmaker (played by perennial Fellini and Vittorio De Sica leading man, Marcello Mastroianni) who struggles with ennui and lack of (cough, cough) “direction.”

Marcello Mastroianni in Federico Fellini’s 8 1/2 (or Otto e mezzo) from 1963)

Marcello’s got the screen equivalent of writer’s block, to put it mildly, which either prevents him from shooting a makeshift science-fiction epic (with no visible script to speak of and a modest, shoestring budget) or worse, an ad hoc musical extravaganza. Take your pick!

In our estimation, the picture’s focus is more about (and you can agree or disagree with me about this reading) Signor Fellini as Tuscan opera composer Giacomo Puccini, or (if it pleases you) Maestro Puccini as movie director Fellini. Fundamentally, it’s the auteur theory in action, a wild and utterly bizarre view of a filmmaker as both creator and creation, a self-directed study of a showman who’s run out of ideas. So he turns the focus back onto himself and his myriad problems: with finances, with hangers on, with fallen women (a favorite Fellini topic), with inspiration (and the lack thereof), with ex-lovers, and with cinema itself.

Oh, yes, it’s odd all right, and it’s weird and completely engaging, yet in the end the film winds up being neither here nor there. It’s certainly everything, everywhere, all at once (poke, poke). A “takeoff” if you will, on a life lived through the art of the cinema; and a true curiosity piece. And that’s being kind!

Fire Shut Up in My Bones

Journalist and writer Clarence Blow’s autobiographical tome about his early life as a victim of sexual abuse has been turned into an opera by jazz and film-score composer and musician Terence Blanchard.

The opera, such as it has evolved over the years, finally had its long-awaited debut at the austere Metropolitan Opera House. We’ll take a deeper dive into this moving, emotionally laden work at a later date.

Terence Blanchard’s Fire Shut Up in My Bones (Photo: Metropolitan Opera House)

But for now, our main reaction to this piece is that the book, structured as a jeremiad (or tell-all reflection), along with its stage adaptation, is equivalent to putting one’s hand into an open wound: You try to stem the bleeding tide, although it continues to hurt like hell. The pain, the soreness, the festering injury and the disgust at how and what you feel completely takes over and overwhelms you.

Despite it all, you try to plow on and through the muck. To bind the wound somehow, sometime, somewhere. Still, you must soldier on – in spite of the pain and the hurt, with self-knowledge and self-acceptance being at the heart of it all. A most difficult piece to appreciate and absorb in one sitting. There are notable comparisons to the Gershwins’ Porgy and Bess, which are as inevitable as they are unavoidable.

“What Time’s the Next Swan?” – A Long Awaited Lohengrin Returns to the Met

It’s been a long time coming, folks. Ever since outré director Robert Wilson and his decades old Kabuki/Noh Theater version of the knight in (no) shining armor ever-so-slowly crossed the Met Opera stage, there have been relatively few performances (with a brief exception for the revival) of Wagner’s romantic opera Lohengrin – that is, until now.

Personally, I happen to adore this work: so beautiful, so gorgeous, and, in the best case scenario, one where the viewer is constantly reminded of a living, breathing medieval pageant taking place before one’s eyes. Certainly, director Wieland Wagner’s fairytale setting of his grandfather’s work at Bayreuth (in the mid-1960s) had aspired to pave the way for many of my generation as the standard bearer in how this opera should be sung and presented onstage.

However, lately there have been dozens upon dozens, if not numerous modern interpretations of this story of a Christ-like figure, a guardian of the Holy Grail, whose father, Parsifal, happened to have been Wagner’s final take on the legend of the poor fool made wise through compassion. Remember, Lohengrin the opera came first, while Parsifal came last, but Parsifal the character was, in fact, Lohengrin’s father (how THAT situation happened to come about is never explained – pure fool indeed!).

The Met Opera Lohengrin, staged by Francois Giraud, with Piotr Beczala as Lohengrin

With that out of the way, what can one do with such a dislikable antagonist as Frederick of Telramund? He’s a cardboard villain, a veritable mama’s boy easily manipulated by his heathen housewife, the powerful witch Ortrud. A worthless weakling egged on by an evil force, the high and difficult tessitura for Telramund is pure torture for any singer willing to tackle this ungrateful part. Russian baritone Yevgeny Nikitin did about as well as any singer could do with the put-upon knight. However, his bark in this instance was about as worse as his bite, the humanity of this two-dimensional being coming out in tiny spurts. That Nikitin avoided making a meal out of this punishing assignment is high praise in itself.

As for the wicked Ortrud, kudos indeed to soprano Christine Goerke for giving powerful life to such a vile villainess, one so loathsome that the listener simply cannot be blamed for thinking that Wagner lavished his finest dramatic writing on this duplicitous creature alone. A good or even mildly passable performance always seems to pass muster with audiences. Here, the result was stupendous in Goerke’s capable hands (or voice, for that matter). Honorable mention must go to soprano Tamara Wilson for her capable and finely-spun turn as Elsa, along with Gunther Groissbeck’s powerfully delivered King Henry the Fowler (an historical character).

As for the title role, it was literally and quite figuratively a godsend! Not since the halcyon days of Jess Thomas and Sándor Kónya – two worthy exponents of the virtuous swan knight – has the part of Lohengrin been so wonderfully and expressively sung and acted. Polish tenor Piotr Beczala exceeded himself in delivering mellifluous tones and gorgeous, long-lined legato singing, not to mention potent, full-throated pronouncements with equal abandon.

At once princely and regal, at other times caring and tender, Beczala had power in reserve for his grueling third-act encounters, the voice unleashed at just the opportune moment. His romantic conception of the part, as defender of what’s right and as Elsa’s champion, while earlier held in check, was finally unleashed at key moments, to include a ravishingly lovely, “Ich liebe dich” (“I love you”) to his intended bride and the solemnly delivered “In Fernem Land.” I bet half the audience swooned at those phrases!

As worthy of mention as Beczala’s performance was, all honor and praise surely must go to the Met Opera Chorus members who out-sang and easily outranked even the mighty Met Opera Orchestra, to chorus master Donald Palumbo’s deserving credit. I have never heard such an ovation for a chorus, a well-merited and never-too-late recognition of how prominent and vital a part these voices meant to Wagner’s most popular stage piece.

As for Francois Giraud’s conception, it was basically in line with his earlier and immensely successful Parsifal, yet nowhere near as moving or absorbing. Dark storm clouds hovered above the participants, topped off by an obvious hole in the ceiling – reminiscent, to some extent, of the crack in the earth that Parsifal enters into when he pays a visit to the evil Klingsor’s magical kingdom. We need not add that Met maestro Yannick Nézet-Séguin presided over the entire affair. He drew some ethereal sounds from the string section, along with the mighty brass element so essential to the overall success of this work.

Schindler’s List (1993)

We want to make our heroes into paragons of virtue. Unfortunately, many of them are not heroic, nor do they realize that the so-called “good” they do comes from a different part of their being.

These “heroes” are only too human, with all the pluses and minuses, the faults, the false starts, the unsteady and tentative steps toward realization that many need to take. Many trip over their own feet, or fall all over themselves in trying to do what is right. But what is right in most circumstances? What is wrong, and what is worth doing? Are they both right and wrong at the same time, and in most viewer’s eyes? What of the other participants in the drama? How do they capture the essence of what is right and what is wrong? And what of the evildoers themselves? Is there such a thing as good and evil?

Liam Neeson as Oskar Schindler in Spielberg’s Schindler’s List (1993)

In Steven Spielberg’s Oscar-winning film, the director-producer recognized this dichotomy in his characters, especially that of the far from noble Oskar Schindler. Those so-termed pluses and minuses simply could not, nor would not cancel each other out. We are not the stuff that mathematics or higher arithmetic make of us. We are humans, fallible and incorrigible humans. We stumble, we fall, we pick ourselves up. But we can learn from our mistakes. It’s what makes us human.

It’s also what made Schindler human, when he finally admits to himself that he could have done more, he could have saved more of “his” Jews. At the end, Schindler breaks down in tearful resignation. He’s both humbled and ashamed. Still, he is reassured by those same survivors, the eleven hundred or so “Schindler Jews,” who were eyewitnesses to the struggle. From this tiny fraction rose a mighty fortress, an impenetrable wall of descendants, a testimony to what is right and righteous for those who hold true to the concept that we all share in the burden of looking out for humanity. For in preserving humanity, we preserve what is human and humane in ourselves.   

(End of Round Two)

To be continued…

Copyright © 2024 by Josmar F. Lopes

The View from the Chair — ‘Marty’ and the Triumph of Fat, Ugly Little Men  

Clara (Nancy Marchand) and Marty (Rod Steiger)

Mama’s Boy

Marty Pilletti is a butcher, a common enough profession in a common enough working-class world. His sisters and younger brother have all gotten married, but Marty’s the lone holdout. Imagine, a guy like him, with no prospects on the horizon.

“You should get married,” his customers tell him, a common enough expression from people who no doubt mean well – one they constantly repeat to themselves, but more often than not directed at good-hearted Marty. Why, he should be ashamed of himself.

“When are you going to get married?” they regularly inquire. It’s a question Marty is loath to respond. In all honesty and in view of his profession, it cuts him to the bone. Not a day goes by when he isn’t confronted with this dilemma.

Marty has a friend, Angie. About the same age, maybe younger. They commiserate together at the local drug store, or wherever they happen to meet up. He’s another one of Marty’s pals on the make. Two lonely guys from the Bronx, “losers” if you want to be cruel about it.

Angie (Joe Mantell) exchanges thoughts with Marty (Rod Steiger)

Marty is at a crossroads. He’s thirty-six, a butcher, and a fat ugly, little man that girls don’t want. He’s gotten that description into his head, and there’s nothing he can do about removing it. They have no interest in him, at least that’s what Marty believes.

His and Angie’s “old ladies” (their mothers, to be precise) ask the same question to them, over and over again: “When are you getting married? When are you getting married” It’s enough to drive a guy to drink. Thankfully, Marty’s not the type to booze it up. At least not yet, we hope.

The loneliness, the insecurity, the self-doubts, the lack of confidence, the looming despair, but most of all the fear of rejection – these are what Marty gets in return. Sure, he’s a caring guy. And more than able to hold his own. He’s also used to working hard, but is that enough? Because of this, he’s had to develop a coping mechanism, mainly excuses for not making himself available to go to the movies or the local dance hall.

The Waverly Ballroom on the Grand Concourse, that’s the place to be – it’s packed to the rafters on Saturday nights. “Loaded with tomatoes,” so states Marty’s mother, Mrs. Pilletti. Again, it’s always the same, his having to face that inevitable query, this time posed directly by Mama herself: “What you going to do tonight?”

Mama doesn’t want him hanging around the house. She’s a widow, this is true, but all her children are married – all except “poor” Marty, the oldest of the lot. Time for him to be out on his own, or so she believes. Mama has second thoughts about that too. She’s getting old, you see.

Mrs. Pilletti (Esther Minciotti)

In as matter-of-fact a manner as possible, Marty insists to his mother that she has a bachelor on her hands. “I ain’t ever going to get married,” he openly declares, as he plops another helping of food on the dinner plate. Whatever girls like he doesn’t have, so guys like him must face the facts. It’s the bachelor life for him. And that’s that.

“I’ve taken enough girls out to enough dance halls,” he contends, probably for the hundredth time. “I don’t want to get hurt no more. I called up a girl this afternoon and she gave me the brush off. Some ‘broad’ I didn’t even want to call up. I’m past the point of getting hurt.”       

He confesses his feelings to Mama, hoping against hope she will finally come around to his point of view. Why doesn’t he go to the dance hall? “The place makes me feel like a bug just standing around. I had enough pain, no thank you.”

Not taking the hint or, more correctly, not wanting her son to suffer as most loving mothers would react, Mama calls out to him. But Marty is quicker on the draw: “Please, I’m gonna stay home and I’m gonna watch Sid Caesar.” Mama does not get it. Instead, she fires back with a hurtful line she knows will get a rise out of her boy. “You gonna die without a son!”  

That does it. Marty repeats the line back to her. “I will die without a son!” But Mama will have none of it. Imagine! An American-born Italian descendant from the Bronx, and a hard-working butcher at that, unmarried, with no prospects for a decent family life on the horizon. That is anathema to Mama’s ears. She has to do something about it – now!

Mama tells him to wear the blue suit, but this only gets Marty more riled up. Rising abruptly from dinner table, he let’s it all out at once: “The blue suit, the gray suit, I’m a fat, ugly little man!” he shouts, while pounding the dinner table. If it’s drama Mama wants, drama she’ll get. And, brother, does her oldest son give it back to her. “I’m miserable enough as it is,” he cries out. “Whaddaya want from me? I’ll get heartache, that’s what I get. A great, big night of heartache.”

These are words and arguments he’s no doubt expressed countless times before, but never so heartfelt, never so achingly poignant as he’s doing so now. Spilling his guts out to Mama probably wasn’t in the cards either, as his poker pals might describe it. But he does so anyway. Shoot, what the heck? What’s a man got to lose?

Pulling back the pain and realizing he may have gone too far, Marty grasps the fact that he’s hurt his mother – and himself, to be honest. Surely, that was never his plan, never his intention. Gently and calmly, he bends down and kisses her on the hand. He’s at the point of breaking down but manages to control himself just enough to sit back down at the table and finish his meal.

“Oh boy,” Marty mumbles to no one in particular, then repeats the line his mother used on him at the start of their conversation: “Loaded with tomatoes… that’s rich, Mama.”

Heartache Tonight, Heartache Tonight      

Directed by Delbert Mann, written by Paddy Chayefsky, and produced by Fred Coe, along with assistant producer Gordon Duff, the teleplay Marty premiered live on May 24, 1953, on the Philco-Goodyear Television Playhouse show.

Writer and producer Sidney Aaron “Paddy” Chayefsky

The program, a made-for-television production, starred Rod Steiger as Marty, and Nancy Marchand as Clara, the girl at the dance hall. Two years later, the independent team of Harold Hecht and actor Burt Lancaster produced the Academy Award-winning film version of the teleplay, which starred Ernest Borgnine (an Oscar winner for Best Actor) as Marty, and Betsy Blair (then-wife to Gene Kelly) as Clara.

The movie version was partially filmed in the Bronx, near and around the Grand Concourse and Fordham Road areas, as well as Arthur Avenue and the Belmont neighborhood (across the street from Fordham University where this writer once attended and graduated from). This was a section of the Bronx known locally as “Little Italy” and made famous for its restaurants, and the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel.

In the original teleplay, a stocky Rod Steiger, as Marty, captures everyone’s hearts with his homespun portrayal. Steiger wears his feelings on his sleeve, so to speak. He can barely hold back the tears in the key scene, described above, with his mother (played by Esther Minciotti, who also appeared in the movie version). Joe Mantell played Angie, Lee Philips was Marty’s married cousin Tommy, and Betsy Palmer his wife Virginia (originally, Anne Bancroft, whose real name was Anne Italiano, proved too “ethnic looking,” so for contrast the producers went with Ms. Palmer).

As Chayefsky wrote the part (partly autobiographical), the butcher Marty is a broken man inside. And this is how Steiger plays him: as outwardly friendly, yet all-but-crying internally. It’s what can be called an “interior” performance, one that barely manages to bubble up to the surface; where Steiger tries mightily to hold back the floodgates as an alternative to releasing those pent up feelings of despair and sorrow with regard to the character’s failed romantic relationships.

In rehearsal, both director Mann and producer Coe tried in vain to prevent Steiger from letting it all hang out, but to no avail. According to Mann, each time he performed that scene Steiger cried his eyes out, as he was taught to do by way of his Method-actor training. Even at the dress rehearsal, Steiger welled up inside so much that the dam would literally break open, and tears would pour out in full force.

Mann and Coe could not let that happen. Their take on the matter was that actors make the audience weep, not the other way around. After all, this was live television. How could they go on with the show when their principal lead had given so much of himself so soon to the little screen? In their minds, the climax would come too soon.

When the time arrived for the dinner table talk with Minciotti, Steiger came almost to the point of weeping. But instead of breaking down (as he had done on prior occasions), he got hold of himself, so that his delivery was chopped up into tiny fragments, the most memorable of which was the now-immortal line, “I’m an ugly man, I’m a fat ugly, little man.” It’s absolutely devastating, as it was meant to be.

Marty willfully tries to cover up the pain. He’s embarrassed or ashamed – and a little of both. In the tiny, round television screens that were prevalent in the early 1950s, Steiger’s natural bulk appears to resize itself down to near gnome-like proportions, resulting in the large-framed Italian butcher’s reduction to a whimpering pile of human flesh. He’s comparable to a misbehaving child, left cringing alone in the corner for some minor infraction or other.

This timely bit of self-control no doubt saved the scene from over-playing its hand, which had the intended effect: audiences around the country cried their hearts out for the fat ugly, little man.

In Ernest Borgnine’s movie take, the scene is the same, the lines are the same, but the intimacy that the small screen allowed viewers to experience (specifically, via Steiger’s reductive approach) were, in the movie theater, broader and larger than life, in the sense that Borgnine was playing to a wider, more varied audience.

Clara (Betsy Blair) with Marty (Ernest Borgnine)

It’s as if he and director Mann had aimed their sites at the topmost gallery; as if the audience were seated in New York’s Yankee Stadium, specifically in the last row of the upper bleachers. Consequently, Borgnine comes off as, well, larger than life too, as were his emotional reactions. In this scenario, one has little doubt that Marty Pilletti is indeed a big, fat mama’s boy.

Ernest Borgnine as Marty smacking the Bus Stop sign

Borgnine, because of his natural size and heft, is more physical as well. And he uses his physicality to good effect – this actor is unafraid to let his gut hang out in full view of the audience. But then, we lose a little something in the interim, in the transfer from one medium (those round-screen television sets previously mentioned) to the larger and wider movie venue.

Still, that improvised action at the bus stop, where Marty instinctively punches the sign with his fist after a successful night out with the girl Clara, left audiences laughing and crying, both at the same time. That’s what good acting is about! A spontaneous, in-the-moment inspiration.

This Operatic Life

Both Borgnine and Steiger keep getting the brushoff. At the ballroom, a guy walks up to Marty and tries to unload a “dog” on him. This guy has found a “hot chick,” so he wants to dump his date on the next available chump. He even offers to pay Marty five bucks if he will take the so-called “dog” off his hands. Chivalrous to the end, Marty refuses. “You can’t just walk out on a girl like that.” Marty is indignant – and rightly so, after having been on the receiving end of rejections for as long as he can remember.

In the teleplay, the girl is tall and big boned, with a prominent proboscis. Disgusted and insulted at being treated like a bargaining chip, the poor girl heads for the nearest side exit to cry her eyes out – undoubtedly, a routine matter for her. Does this all sound familiar? It sure does! With Marty, however, the girl, Clara, gets up the courage to confess to him that this happens every time she comes to the dance hall. He knows exactly how she feels.

Understanding soul that he is, Marty decides to open up and make a confession of his own: “Big-hearted, you get to be a professor of pain.” What a masterful line! Two lonely people, out on the dance floor: he’s thirty-six, she’s twenty-nine, an old maid to most mother’s eyes. They dance and they talk, spilling their guts out to one another, commiserating in mutual bliss. Two “dogs,” together at last. Marty chats about his ugly father who was so kind to his mother and to each other. Still, they dance and talk some more, for what seems an eternity.

Lest the idea be lost on readers, writer Chayefsky, who in his own life experienced as much pain and rejection from girls due to his short, stocky build and unconventional nature, has captured on screen and at home the essence of Puccini’s La Bohème, with all its heartache and anguish. From their initial “meet-cute,” Marty embodies the poet Rodolfo, an old-fashioned romantic at heart, while Clara is the good-natured Mimì. No, she does not die of tuberculosis as her counterpart does, but then… who knows what life has in store for these lovebirds?  

As Clara, Marchand (in the teleplay) uses her imposing height to denote awkwardness, her big-boned features made prominent in comparison to Steiger’s softer-edged contours. She’s all arms and elbows and angularity, externalizing her manner and gawky bearing to accentuate the awkwardness, whereas Steiger internalizes his thoughts and actions.  

Clara (Nancy Marchand) seated at the kitchen table with Marty (Rod Steiger)

In their conversation, Steiger holds back the pain but feels no less deeply; Marchand represents the embodiment of his prior rejections, thereby giving “Marty” a sense of his own painful dismissal by others. Thus, two lonely hearts come together as one in spite of being cast aside as unworthy by the standards of the time. How they are able to come together, slowly but cautiously, is accomplished through conversation and getting to understand one another’s feelings. Wrong moves are made, but quickly forgiven. After all, they are so much alike. In fact, they seem to attract one another, their self-awareness binding them closer.

Both artists went on to further their careers, Steiger in films and Marchand in theater and television. Taking nothing away from either Borgnine or Blair, who was “prettier” conventionally with respect to her looks, I have always been moved by Steiger’s interpretation – credit, by the way, to Delbert Mann for insisting the actor hold back those tears. “You make the audience cry for you,” Mann has conveyed in numerous interviews and in print. By doing so, the performances truly hit home.

Curiously, Steiger and Borgnine enacted their share of movie heavies. They both played Italian mobsters: Rod as mobster Al Capone in Al Capone (1959), and Ernest as an opera-loving Italian policeman in Pay or Die (1960). Both joined the Navy in World War II, both studied acting upon their return from overseas duty, both excelled at villainous and/or sinister types, usually of an ethnic bent. And both won Oscars for Best Actor (Borgnine for Marty and Steiger for In the Heat of the Night).

Steiger was the younger of the two, born 1925 in Westhampton, New York. Borgnine was born in 1917, by way of Hamden, Connecticut. Nancy Marchand was born in 1928, in Buffalo, New York, and became a notable stage actor, while Betsy Blair (born 1923), made a handful of films in Hollywood, and later in Italy.

Both Steiger and Borgnine were (if you’ll pardon the expression) “fat ugly, little men.” Yet their triumph is our triumph. One could coin the phrase “they knew the type well” without the slightest exaggeration. That’s rich, all right!

Copyright © 2023 by Josmar F. Lopes

‘When the Legend Becomes Fact’ – Hollywood and the Historical Film: Finale and Addendum

‘We the People’ – Preamble to the United States Constitution

After railing on about how science fiction, horror, fantasy and dystopian features have occupied the thoughts and minds of moviegoers, producers and directors of late, it’s refreshing to note that, at times, history can be an even more fascinating subject for cinematic depiction.

To be specific, we mean “history” as viewed and interpreted by the movies. While not always authentic or accurate, nor even representational of actual historical events, they can certainly be entertaining. This is reason enough for students and teachers to spend quality time with the output.

Here, then, is an addendum to my series, “When the Legend Becomes Fact.” Albeit a far from complete list, this section surveys the vastness, breadth and scope of American and World History in massively distinctive ways. Looked at from their creators’ vantage point, these films offer a wider range of topics than the norm: from discovery and expansion to the colonial period; from Independence and Civil War, straight on through two World Wars, up to and including the cultural changes that took place in American society, and well beyond.

Where indicated, subject sections include both earlier and later screen versions, either a scene-by-scene recreation or an updated edition for modern tastes. Whether one agrees with their particular point of view or not, and whether these filmed portrayals of real-life events can be deemed faithful to the subject matter at hand, all were chosen for their specifically controversial and/or comparative properties.

The main thrust of this list is to spur conversation; to get students and teachers talking, and to engage with the particulars about our country’s past, both the good aspects and the bad:

‘Hamilton’ – Musical about Founding Father and U.S. Treasurer Alexander Hamilton

Exploration and Colonization

  • The Arrival of the Europeans:
    • 1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992) – Ridley Scott (dir.)
    • Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) – John Glen (dir.)
    • Pocahontas (1995) – Mike Gabriel, Eric Goldberg (dirs.)
    • The New World (2005) – Terence Malick (dir.)
  • Puritan New England: The Seeds of Suspicion:
    • The Crucible (1997) – Nicholas Hytner (dir.)
  •  Colonial Life in Early America:
    • Drums Along the Mohawk (1939) – John Ford (dir.)
    • Unconquered (1947) – Cecil B. DeMille (dir./prod.)
    • The Last of the Mohicans (1992) – Michael Mann (dir.)
  • The Fight for Independence:
    • 1776 (1972) – Peter H. Hunt (dir.)
    • Revolution (1985) – Hugh Hudson (dir.)
    • Hamilton (2020) – Thomas Kail (dir.)
’12 Years a Slave’ – Harrowing film about the evils of slavery in the South

Expansion and Civil War

  • Missionaries:
    • Hawaii (1966) – George Roy Hill (dir.)
    • Black Robe (1991) – Bruce Beresford (dir.)
  • Manifest Destiny:
    • The Alamo (1960) – John Wayne (dir./star)
    • The Alamo (2004) – John Lee Hancock (dir.)
  • The Roots of Slavery:
    • Amistad (1996) – Steven Spielberg (dir.)
    • 12 Years a Slave (2013) – Steve McQueen (dir.)
  • Civil War and Reconstruction:
    • The Birth of the Nation (1915) – D.W. Griffith (dir.)
    • Gone with the Wind (1939) – Victor Fleming (dir.), David O. Selznick (prod.)
    • Glory (1989) – Edward Zwick (dir.)
    • Lincoln (2012)Steven Spielberg (dir.)
‘Geronimo: An American Legend’ – The capture of Apache Chief Geronimo

The Far West and Eastern Expansion

  • Conquest of the West:
    • How the West Was Won (1962) – John Ford, Henry Hathaway, George Marshall (dirs.)
  • The Native Americans and a Final Solution:
    • They Died with Their Boots On (1941) – Raoul Walsh (dir.)
    • Little Big Man (1970) Arthur Penn (dir.)
    • Geronimo: An American Legend (1993) – Walter Hill (dir.)
  •  Immigration and Industrialization:
    • Hester Street (1975) – Joan Micklin Silver (dir.)
    • Ragtime (1981)Milos Forman (dir.)
    • Titanic (1998) – James Cameron (dir.)
  • War and the American Empire:
    • The Big Parade (1925)King Vidor (dir.)
    • Wings (1927) –William A. Wellman (dir.)
    • Citizen Kane (1941) – Orson Welles (dir./star), Herman Mankiewicz (writer)
‘The Grapes of Wrath’ – Classic film about the Great Depression

America From the Twenties to World War Two

  • The Roaring Twenties:
    • The Roaring Twenties (1939) – Raoul Walsh (dir.)
    • The Spirit of St. Louis (1957) Billy Wilder (dir.)
    • The Untouchables (1987) – Brian De Palma (dir.)
    • The Aviator (2004) – Martin Scorsese (dir.)
  • The Movies Talk:
    • The Jazz Singer (1927) – Alan Crosland (dir.)
    • Singin’ in the Rain (1952) – Stanley Donen, Gene Kelly (dirs.)
    • The Artist (2011) – Michel Hazanavicius (dir.)
  • The Great Depression:
    • The Grapes of Wrath (1940) – John Ford (dir.)
    • Sullivan’s Travels (1941) – Preston Sturges (dir.)
    • Bonnie and Clyde (1967) – Arthur Penn (dir.), Warren Beatty (prod./star)
    • Public Enemies (2009) – Michael Mann (dir.)
  • America in the Second World War:
    • From Here to Eternity (1953) – Fred Zinnemann (dir.)
    • The Longest Day (1962) – Andrew Marton, Ken Annakin, Bernard Wicki (dirs.)
    • Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970) – Richard Fleischer, Toshio Masuda, Kinji Fukasaku (dirs.)
    • Saving Private Ryan (1998) – Steven Spielberg (dir.)
‘The Best Years of Our Lives’ – Soldiers returning home from war

Post-War America and the Cold War

  • Prosperity:
    • The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) – William Wyler (dir.)
  • Paranoia:
    • The Manchurian Candidate (1962) – John Frankenheimer (dir.)
  • The Nuclear Threat:
    • Fail-Safe (1964) – Sidney Lumet (dir.)
    • Dr. Strangelove, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) – Stanley Kubrick (dir.)
  • The Space Race:
    • The Right Stuff (1983) – Philip Kaufman (dir.)
‘Woodstock’ – Jimi Hendrix wakes up the crowd at Woodstock Music Festival

The Sixties, the Seventies and Vietnam

  • The Civil Rights Movement:
    • In the Heat of the Night (1967) – Norman Jewison (dir.)
    • Mississippi Burning (1988) – Alan Parker (dir.)
    • The Long Walk Home (1990) – Richard Pearce (dir.)
  • A Tale of Two Presidents:
    • All the President’s Men (1976) – Alan J. Pakula (dir.)
    • JFK (1991) – Oliver Stone (dir.)
    • Nixon (1995) – Oliver Stone (dir.)
    • Parkland (2013) – Peter Landesman (dir.)
  • The Vietnam Experience:
    • The Deer Hunter (1978) – Michael Cimino (dir.)
    • Apocalypse Now (1979) – Francis Ford Coppola (dir.)
    • Platoon (1986) – Oliver Stone (dir.)
    • Full Metal Jacket (1987) – Stanley Kubrick (dir.)
  • Sex, Drugs and Rock ‘n’ Roll:
    • Woodstock (1970) – Michael Wadleigh (dir.)
    • The French Connection (1971) – William Friedkin (dir.)
    • Nashville (1975) – Robert Altman (dir.)
    • Shampoo (1975) – Hal Ashby (dir.)
‘Primary Colors’ – The best and the worst of U.S. politics in action

Contemporary American Society

  • America’s Back Yard:
    • Missing (1982) – Costa-Gavras (dir.)
    • Red Dawn (1984) – John Milius (dir.)
    • Clear and Present Danger (1994) – Philip Noyce (dir.)
  • The Fall of Communism:
    • Top Gun (1986) – Tony Scott (dir.)
  • The American Presidential Campaign:
    • Primary Colors (1998) – Mike Nichols (dir.)
  • Politics as Usual:
    • Wag the Dog (1997) – Barry Levinson (dir.)
‘Gattaca’ – The benefits and drawbacks of genetically engineered workers

The Future of Speculative America and the World

  • A New Kind of Holocaust:
    • Blade Runner (1982) – Ridley Scott (dir.)
    • Gattaca (1997) – Andrew Niccol (dir.)
    • Children of Men (2006) – Alfonso Cuarón (dir.)
  • Hope and Horror for a Modern America:
    • Contact (1997) – Robert Zemeckis (dir.)
    • The X-Files: Fight the Future (1998) – Rob Bowman (dir.)
    • Her (2013) – Spike Jonze (dir.)
    • Ex Machina (2015) – Alex Garland
    • Arrival (2016) – Denis Villeneuve (dir.)

Copyright © 2022 by Josmar F. Lopes

‘When the Legend Becomes Fact’ — Hollywood and the Historical Film (Part Six, Conclusion): The Science-Fiction and Horror Connection

The original ‘Jurassic Park’ logo aligned with the original ‘Alien’: Monsters of a feather fight together

Is It ‘Real’ or Is It ‘Reel’?

Science fiction and horror happen to be two of my favorite movie genres, among the many varieties that are out there. Although most people — film critics primarily — tend to separate these two categories, there has always existed an interrelation and a correlation between these vast subjects.

But a problem exists in that one’s ability to use science fiction and horror in the classroom, in particular for a course based on history, American or otherwise, can be hampered by the intrinsic nature of both genres.

Personally speaking, I prefer not to separate them. In most technological respects, the science fiction film (shortened to sci-fi) occupies a category all by itself. Be that as it may, because most sci-fi and horror flicks deal with monsters or aliens of one form or another — either real or imagined — every so often the two genres are lumped together and treated interchangeably as a single unit. More specifically, there’s also the historicity aspect of sci-fi, that is an ever-developing set of parameters that has come down to us through past events.

It’s hard to say whether this end result is good or bad, or even viable as a means of cinematic representation. Basically, we will leave that up to the individual viewer to interpret. Or better yet, to the presenter.

Take, for example, the movies Jurassic Park (1993) and the Alien series. True, there be monsters here! But if we were to base our assumptions on director Sir Ridley Scott’s prequel forays into the Alien’s origins (Prometheus, 2012; Alien: Covenant, 2017), one can readily spot the scientific connections inherent in Alien pictures with those of the Jurassic Park-themed sequels of today (vis-à-vis “Dino DNA” and such). In view of this apparent affiliation, our inclination is to leave well enough alone and keep science fiction as it is, together with horror.

Mr. DNA, illustrating the process of “Dino DNA” being injected into frogs to create living dinosaurs

In the interest of specificity, true science fiction, as opposed to horror or fantasy films, can instruct as well as entertain. An official designation, straight out of The Film Studies Dictionary, defines how “science fiction works by extrapolation, hypothesizing possibilities based on the known laws of nature and science, whether in the near — tomorrow — or distant future or on other worlds” (p. 205).

Horror, on the other hand, typically entertains. Our Film Studies Dictionary correctly calls it a “film focusing on the supernatural, the mysterious or on graphic violence, aiming to frighten or horrify its audience” (p. 124). That’s an interesting term, “horrify,” where the subject under discussion is horror itself. One never thinks of horror as entertaining to any degree but believe you me it is!

Keep in mind, too, that horror’s main purpose is to scare the bejeezus out of viewers. Now THAT’S entertaining! It should also but often does not make audiences think long and hard about what is happening on screen and before our eyes. Ken Russell’s Altered States, from 1980, is a prime example of the thinking person’s horror flick doubling as sci-fi (and vice versa). In many instances, pondering over specific details as to whether a film fits comfortably or not into one category or another — or whether it’s this side of H.P. Lovecraft or Stephen King — can lead to confusion and markedly less clarity over time.

There are other examples of subgenres within each group and type. To cite but a few, the following sci-fi subgenres contain (but are not limited to) aliens and alien invasion pictures, or so-called UFO sightings; space travel epics (that is, visits to or from other planets); galaxy wars; the mad or evil scientist; the good-bad robot dichotomy; man vs. machine; computer sentience and the resultant evil associated with it; the messiah complex or “the savior among us” syndrome, as in Nicholas Roeg’s The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), and so forth.

Indeed, there are so many subgenres, themes, variations, plots, and counterplots to distract and inform curious viewers that it can become problematic in successfully categorizing each film or subject by a specific genre. Best to leave things as open-ended and as they are.

Even films that are not strictly horror-based, such as David Fincher’s crime drama/police procedural Se7en (1995), contain many horrific elements affixed to them; others boast of strictly film noir tendencies. Certainly, the 1950s sci-fi classics bore close relationships to, and outgrowths of, the film noir aspects that prevailed throughout the post-World War II period.

Part of the excellent title credit sequence from director David Fincher’s thriller ‘Se7en’ (1995)

This type of subgenre evolved from, and was likely due to, the advent of McCarthyism and the ensuing House Un-American Activities Committee (or H.U.A.A.C.) hearings, along with the concurrent Red Scare menace. “Red Scare” or “Red menace,” in this context, meant concern over alleged Communist infiltration of the U.S. government and/or the military, reinterpreted in numerous film productions of the period as fear of a Martian invasion of Earth. Major examples include The Thing from Another World (1951), The Man from Planet X (1951), Red Planet Mars (1952), The War of the Worlds (1953), and, more subtly, Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956), and The Manchurian Candidate (1962).

An outgrowth of this theme were those Atomic Age pictures, the so-called “Bug-Eyed Monster” movies of an era where the emphasis went from fear of nuclear annihilation to experiments gone horribly wrong, thinly if not overtly hinted at in The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (1953), It Came from Outer Space (1953), Gojira, aka Godzilla (1954/1956), Them! (1954), It Came from Beneath the Sea (1955), Tarantula! (1955), The Deadly Mantis (1957), and The Giant Behemoth (1959).   

The one and the only monster-on-the-loose epic: ‘Godzilla’ (1956), originally titled ‘Gojira’

To be fair, the original Gojira from Japan’s Toho Studios was the first of what went on to become known as Kaiju Eiga, or the Japanese monster movie. All were byproducts of the history-making bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki which ended World War II. Subsequent follow-up pictures featured the likes of Rodan (1956), a giant pterodactyl, and Mothra (1961), an equally fantastic giant moth (played mostly for laughs). The Godzilla franchise continued to blanket the market; they were subsequently packaged and sold as kiddy matinee pictures.  

Fantasy films are but one more in the long line of offshoots. According to most reliable sources, a fantasy film “posits some violation of the real world in its narrative, whether imaginary creatures, the alteration of natural laws, alternate worlds, or the existence of superheroes” (The Film Studies Dictionary, p. 91). Among the innumerable varieties in this category are those Marvel and DC Comics spinoffs, to include the many Thors and Lokis and Batman retreads, as well as the majority of movies (The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, and The Chronicles of Narnia) over-reliant on the ubiquitous J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis series of books.

In general, good science fiction, as opposed to the bad kind (though not always), tries to ask and, hopefully, answer the hard questions: “Will we be better off in the future? What does the future hold for us humans that will make our lives (or the world itself) a better place? Will our Earth be a more meaningful, more habitable planet? Or will the world be in worse condition than it is now?” 

In effect, science fiction is tantamount to predicting the future, phrased here as the unknowable. And you know how difficult, how dangerous, and how inaccurate one can be about predicting what hasn’t yet occurred! In most cases, it can be a hit or miss affair. Many people thought the world would come to an end back in the late 1990s. Some even asked themselves, “Hey, what happened? Why did those predictions not come to pass?” How’s that again? A better response to that query should have been: “Why would we want them to be true in the first place?” Be thankful for small favors!

Sure enough, the sun rose as it always does; and the world continued on its merry course as it has always done — for better or for worse. Putting it plainly, it was business as usual for most people on terra firma. Why should it be different for anyone else?

This dissatisfaction with the way things are, amid prospects or expectations for how things can or should be (but really can’t be), often reveal themselves as fodder for another science fiction-type subgenre, i.e., the increasingly popular dystopian future drama. As an extension of our shared experiences, an ancillary aspect can manifest itself in speculative fiction, which some writers prefer to employ in describing their overall work in this area.

What the future may hold for humans as a species and whether or not we give in to our basest instincts can be sampled and observed in such cinematic depictions as Robert Wise’s The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) and its underestimated 2008 remake, Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Jack Arnold and Joseph Newman’s This Island Earth (1955), Frank McLeod Wilcox’s Forbidden Planet (1956), Ridely Scott’s Blade Runner (1982), Michael Radford’s 1984 (1984), Terry Gilliam’s Brazil (1985), and Gene Roddenberry’s Star Trek TV-series (1966-1969).     

In the area of speculative fiction, the likes of Alfonso Cuarón’s Children of Men (2005), from English writer P.D. James’ 1992 publication, or the equally chilling Hulu TV series The Handmaid’s Tale (from 2017 to current), based on Canadian author Margaret Atwood’s 1985 book, have blurred the lines of what one normally identifies as pure, unadulterated science fiction. As the decades roll by, we are trending ever closer to the world depicted in both these titles.

The dystopian, futuristic thriller ‘Children of Men’ (2005), directed by Alfonso Cuaron

As you can see, science fiction and, yes, horror, fantasy, dystopian and speculative fiction films share living space in many peoples’ households. They will always be welcome, for the reason they have a tendency to guide and provide curious minds with some basic life lessons. Whether we, as a species, can learn from these lessons remains to be seen.

And while they may not be, strictly speaking, “historical” in nature, they remain viable and enjoyable as pure entertainment. Our hope, then, is that science itself and the findings inherent in the promise of a better future in the years ahead can satiate our curiosity about the world around us. More importantly, the message we can derive from watching these features would be their ability to foster renewed interest in and about the future as well as, in the wise words of Professor Henry Jones Sr., provide us with some “illumination.”

And THAT’S a fact!

 Copyright © 2022 by Josmar F. Lopes    

‘Star Wars,’ The Original Series (Part Ten): ‘Episode VI, Return of the Jedi’ — A Recapitulation and the Challenge Fulfilled – FINAL THOUGHTS

Rebel forces battle Imperial TIE fighters and TIE interceptors near the Death Star in ‘Return of the Jedi’

Rage Against the Empire’s Machine

Revelations of character relationships can be tricky to pull off. That Lucas and his crew were able to keep a lid on so much information about the protagonists is admirable in itself. Now that so many cats have been let out of the Imperial bag, what next? Why, back to the new and improved Death Star, of course. Where else?

For many fans, this “back to the past” movement ruined the continuity of what had been so carefully built up over time. Expectations had risen that things were about to take off in earnest (literally!) with the release of Star Wars: Episode VI — Return of the Jedi. At the movie’s midpoint, Vader sneaks his vessel onto the forest moon of Endor’s landing pad. As Lucas put it in his commentary, it’s time to settle accounts and concentrate on the battle between Vader and Luke Skywalker, the so-called “emotional core of the picture.”

Ben Burtt, the series’ sound FX engineer, expressed the difficulties inherent to trying to match voiceovers and dubs three years after the fact. Namely, with older-sounding actors, vis-à-vis the variable acoustic environments that separate the original edited voicework from their current redubs. Headaches, always headaches. Why not leave things as they were? Nah, too easy. Let’s make them harder for everybody.

Vader escorts the handcuffed Luke to face the pot-marked emperor. For his part, Luke tries to work those Jedi mind games into his dialogue with Papa Vader, a calmer and more subdued exchange than their last one. He reminds Vader of his former self by calling him by his given moniker, Anakin Skywalker. “That name no longer has any meaning for me,” Vader insists, pointing Luke’s own lightsaber into his son’s face. Be careful what you wish for, dad! Luke’s attempts at rekindling some feeling in the old boy fall flatter than the Tatooine landscape. Vader is too far gone in his twisted logic to be manipulated by one so young and so hopeful.   

Yet Vader acknowledges the truth of the matter: that Luke is indeed as powerful as the emperor has foreseen. That’s why Luke was brought to Endor in the first place, to bear witness to that time-tested changing of the old guard (Darth Vader) for the new (Master Luke). As he speaks, Vader physically has his back turned to Luke, a powerfully symbolic gesture indicating he’s far from ready to join his son in battle against a common foe. He reiterates that old Sith myth about the power of the dark side, yadda-yadda-yadda. That’s for certain. And it continues to exert a strong pull on its adherents. Too strong, in fact.

Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) with the Jedi’s green lightsaber in ‘Return of the Jedi

Producer-director Lucas exults in the knowledge that Luke refuses to comply with Vader’s command. He will not fight, he will not bend, nor will he join forces until the very end. All this, despite Vader’s insistence that Sonny Boy learn the “true nature of the Force” from that evil bogeyman, the equally twisted emperor. As Lucas pointed out, this is unlike the physically exhausting fight the two combatants had at the end of Empire Strikes Back. This encounter is more of an emotional conflict, a one-sided psychological ploy to influence the outcome through wordplay, not swordplay. Will this work? We shall see.

Let’s get back to the rebel forces. Lucas reiterated his belief that small fighting units could indeed make a difference, much as the Huns did against the Romans, or the colonists against the British in their struggle for independence. This is a not a new idea, he went on, but one that’s been around for centuries. Here, the thought that a mighty Galactic Empire might be brought down by those “cute little teddy bears” is what keeps that new hope alive.

We transition to the rebel fleet, about to jump into hyperspace to confront their foes. Just as quickly, we’re back on Endor with that small rebel detachment about to launch their concurrent “surprise assault” on the empire’s force field. This rapid jump-cutting, in itself, is “proof” of what modern cinematic techniques have accomplished through the intervening years. A physical manifestation of what a visionary George Lucas had implied in his director’s commentary (remembering that not Lucas, but Richard Marquand did the actual directing duties here).

In author Jonathan Rinzler’s The Making of Return of the Jedi, he points out that Lucas’ initial rough draft for the picture placed Princess Leia on Endor as the sole instigator of the rebellion. Along with the cuddly Ewoks were these gigantic aliens, the Yuzzum, whom Leia convinced to join forces with their tiny partners in a battle to the death. Luke was still on Tatooine, trying to rescue poor Han Solo, now unfrozen from the carbonite, in time before his execution.

In addition, the final confrontation between Luke, Vader, and the emperor occurs in a lava pit somewhere below the planet’s surface. It’s supposed to be a three-way duel of sorts, with the Evil Emperor and the Dark Lord having much more than a difference of opinion as to who has the upper hand in the Galactic realm. That’s not all: other surprises await, including unexpected appearances by Obi-Wan Kenobi and the late and much-lamented Yoda. How’s that for an encore!

Ah, well, none of this was meant to be. As rough drafts go, this one was lightyears ahead of Hollywood and ILM’s ability to carry out those rough ideas and bring them to fruition. They belong to the “What if” school of lost opportunities.

Meanwhile, Princess Leia hears from Threepio that one of the Ewoks is about to make an unwise move: he’s going to steal a speeder, and right from under the Imperial guards’ noses. “Not bad for a little furball,” mouths Han to Leia. This maneuver supplies the element of surprise needed for the rebel force to temporarily storm the generator shield.

Threepio, Princess Leia, Chewie, and Han Solo look on admiring at the Ewoks’ handiwork

Back on the Imperial Star cruiser, Vader leads Luke up the steps to meet his fate. The color red predominates. “Evil, the red devil,” claimed Lucas. “The bad guys,” in the book according to George, “exist in a black and white world. The good guys live in an organic world, which is either browns, light browns, tans, or greens.” Earth tones, in other words, warm and approachable. Whereas the bad guys reside in a world of absolutes, a mechanical world where views are cold and rigid. Indeed, they are!

The emperor greets Young Skywalker with his usual false courtesy. “In time, you will call me master,” he boasts, in that bullfrog’s voice of his. Ugh, he’s as much of a badass, if not worse than, that slimy old toad, the late Jabba the Hutt. Fascinating how the emperor’s makeshift throne gives the appearance, through spokes that make up the window frames behind him, of a spider’s web. So that’s it! The Evil Emperor is a big, black hungry bug hunter, “luring the flies into his web,” Lucas remarked. Added to which, he’s so full of himself, so sure in his ability to foresee events as they are about to unfold. However, prescience and advance knowledge, in our view, have made the old bloke overconfident.

The man in black gives notice to Luke that, one: his friends on Endor are walking into a trap; and two, so is the rebel fleet (to be reinforced by Admiral Akbar’s oft-quoted line, “It’s a trap!”). Never one to overlook the obvious, the emperor senses that Luke wants his lightsaber to strike down the old fogey before his plan works its magic. No sooner has the evil one spilled the beans on what’s about to happen when we transition back to where the rebel force enter the area guarded by the force field. They’re thwarted in their mission by Stormtroopers and other guards. Look quickly for Ben Burtt’s cameo, as he speaks the word “Freeze,” prior to getting a toolkit thrown at his noggin.

We’re just in time for the next memorable line: “You rebel scum!” Eew, don’t you hate it when they say that? To compensate, Burtt tells listeners about a young Kenyan man who spoke the words of one of the rebel co-pilots in his native tongue. They dubbed in the lines, which when the film was shown in Kenya, drew raves from an appreciative audience. Just in time, too, to enjoy the marvelous FX of incoming TIE fighters, flying in and out of formation, battling it out with those X-wings, all courtesy of blue screen, scale models, and computer-aided programming. Lucas confessed that, originally, there was to be only one Death Star and one giant battle involving not the Ewoks (a reworking of the name “Wookiee”) but the Wookiees themselves. Still, as we all know, the best laid plans can often go awry.   

Back on the Imperial star cruiser, the emperor goads Luke on into reacting to his repugnant sayings — daring him to strike him down “with all his hatred,” thus letting slip the angry dogs of war that will turn him to the dark side of life. Flash forward to the rebel base, where things do not look well for our friends. Nice feel of the Imperial Walkers lurking about, which segues directly to the amassed Ewok attack. Finally, somebody’s doing something to stop the bad guys from winning.

The repugnant Evil Emperor of the Galactic Empire (Ian McDiarmid)

Again, it’s a sheer joy to hear our furry friends sound the battle cry of freedom, a tune straight out of Cecil B. DeMille’s The Ten Commandments (if you’re into useless trivia). Against the combined might of Imperial forces, the Ewoks hurl their bows and arrows at the oncoming hordes. If you’re thinking Robin Hood and His Merry Men, battling the Sheriff of Nottingham in Sherwood Forest, you’re right on the money. They even used the same type of feathers that give the arrows that “swish” sound.

Believability is the key, as the seesawing confrontation goes back and forth. The Ewoks are up, the Ewoks are down. True, they’re no match for the Galactic Empire’s high-tech might. Still, to cast the Ewoks as the disruptive element that distracts and saps the strength of a superior foe made audiences root for their success all the more. In this, Lucas and company did not disappoint.

We return to the emperor’s throne room. He’s still trying to get Luke to work up a head of steam, in order to blow his top off at Papa. Words, words, and more words. A torrent of lies — all aimed at poor Luke, the venom unleashed in slow, steady strokes. The anger begins to well up in our hero. You can practically hear audiences whispering under their collective breath: “Don’t give in, Luke!” Though he wants Luke to strike him down with all his might, the emperor knows that his ultimate aim is to get Luke to kill his father, then take dad’s place beside the emperor.

It’s the age-old “point of succession” theory: you don’t REALLY want that person to take your place, now, do you? You want him or her to THINK that’s what they’re doing. This same illogic will reoccur in Rian Johnson’s Star Wars: Episode VIII – The Last Jedi (2017), specifically in Rey’s make-or-break clash with Snoke, another pot-marked baddie. The truth is, you’re the next victim of the emperor’s whims. He’ll use and abuse you, until you’re spent and done. Then along comes another bright whippersnapper to take your place, and we’re back at it again. Wash, rinse, repeat.

It’s Siegfried turning on Grandpa Wotan/Wanderer and marrying Aunt Brünnhilde; it’s Oedipus slaying his father Laius to marry his mother Jocasta. And BINGO! You’ve got a whale of a Greek and Norse tragedy, if not a helluva tale. Well, if it’s Luke murdering his dada, then taking up with a monster who’s got no blood relation to him at all, then you’ve got yourself an unresolved conflict — and a winning formula guaranteed to earn boffo box office returns as well as the audience’s sympathy.

In the meantime, the tide of battle begins to turn when Chewie, our eight-foot Wookiee wonder, joins in the frolic by volunteering his fair share of service to the rebel cause. The Ewoks, those little Vietnamese counterparts, inflict enough damage on the opposition that it allows our friends, the sidelined Leia and still-clueless Han, to hold the advantage.

Example: A wounded Leia lies on the ground. As Imperial Stormtroopers approach, Han, who’s bent down to assist Her Highness, covers up the fact that she’s pulled a laser weapon on the troopers. “I love you,” Han whispers. “I know,” Leia answers back, reversing the same snappy give-and-take quips they hurled at each other toward the end of The Empire Strikes Back. A nice, full-circle loop to their classic Tracy and Hepburn routine, a love-hate relationship for the space age.

It’s Over and Done With (For Now)

We approach the crux of the drama, which to most fans involves the best sequence of all: that of Luke and Vader’s final battle. This fabulous match-up spills over into the very bowels of the craft (in another nod to Warner Brothers’ classic The Adventures of Robin Hood). A dip into Hell itself, but not the physical lava-filled landscape that will take place in the as-yet-to-have-been-filmed Episode Three: Revenge of the Sith. No, that’s yet to come. This is a Hell of the protagonists’ making, placed before them by the machinations of a thoroughly malevolent being.

The climactic duel of the lightsabers between Darth Vader and Luke Skywalker in ‘Return of the Jedi’

According to George Lucas, the emperor’s primary objective is to make Luke angry. Knowing that anger has the affect of turning the Jedi to the dark side, Luke employs reverse psychology in his banter with Vader. “Your thoughts betray you, Father. I feel the good in you, the conflict.” Vader replies smoothly: “There is no conflict.” But Luke does not budge. He presses on with the verbal onslaught, insisting he will not fight. To do so, will only lead Luke down the path to the dark side, a no-no in anybody’s book.

As the rebel forces seem to reverse their earlier losses, Vader seeks out Luke in the underbelly of the emperor’s throne room. We hear his slow and steady breathing, an ominous growl that telegraphs to audiences to beware the Big Bad Bear. If you poke him, he will respond. At this point, Vader tries a different tack, using Luke’s model of reverse logic but taking it to another realm entirely: that of the emotions. Vader senses Luke’s fondness for his friends, especially for one in particular: his sister Leia!

Instinct has informed the Dark Lord that sheer force of arms won’t turn his son into a Sith. This leaves him no choice: Vader must fight fire with fire. And, boy, does he unload the big one on our unsuspecting hero. “If you will not turn to the dark side… then perhaps she will.” That did it. Luke immediately goes into action mode: “Never!” he shouts, pointing his lightsaber directly at dear old dad.

Their duel to the death is the highlight of the series. And it’s here that this 1983 Star Wars entry finally approaches the grandeur it has so far lacked; where the clash of titans elevates the saga to the operatic, made all-the-more potent through John Williams’s use of underscoring and a wordless, mixed chorus of voices. The basic thrust of the action accompanying the “music” is the lightsaber duel that gives off plenty of sparks in themselves. They supply their own musical tones, along with appropriate CGI-effects. The dominant colors, then, are red and green: red (bad, evil), for the Sith; and green (good, virtuous), for the Jedi.     

The sequence climaxes with Luke’s hacking away at Vader’s weapon. Finally, the Dark Lord releases his lightsaber, perfectly timed to Luke’s slicing of his father’s right hand — the same right hand that Vader had sliced off in their earlier battle in The Empire Strikes Back. This brings out the gloating, bile-spilling emperor, wallowing in the carnage and exhorting Luke to fulfill his destiny by taking his father’s place at the old geezer’s side. Go on, dude, finish him off!

Not so fast! Luke takes a long, hard look at his black-gloved hand (appropriate, in this context) and compares it to what’s left of his father’s mechanical stump. “Never,” he finally responds, but in a much quieter, self-controlled mode than before. “I’ll never turn to the dark side.” Gasp, gulp! Luke finishes his speech by asserting his firm stance against further harm: “I am a Jedi, like my father before me.” And how does the emperor react? In typically villainous fashion: “So be it, Jedi,” spilled out with all the relish that are in the evil fiend’s capacity.

Having accomplished what they set out to do, producer Lucas, director Marquand, and co-screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan wrap up what’s left over, story-wise, in a purportedly tight little bow. For one, the shield generator is destroyed, which brings down the force field; and for another, the rebels resume their nonstop attack on Death Star II. Go get ’em, boys!

British director Richard Marquand (left, pointing) and George Lucas (in beard and glasses)

Okay, that’s one plot element out of the way. Now, what about Luke and the Evil Emperor? An interesting juxtaposition between two opposing forces, but do you really need to know the outcome? I mean, isn’t it obvious that Luke will prevail, or that Vader will do an about-face by picking up and tossing that vile emperor into the Death Star II’s nuclear reactor pit, or whatever you call it? We need not go into specifics. The only genuine thrill is the ultimate revelation of what’s behind the dark helmet. Who’s underneath that evil exterior, anyway? Why, it’s a kindly old, worm-bitten English gent (Sebastian Shaw). Oh, gee, how nice! Just before the big reveal, as Vader drops the emperor into that nuclear frying pan (how the heck did he lift the fiend with only one usable limb?), a brief glimpse of a skeletal skull is flashed across his lordship’s dark visage. Whew! Talk about evil escaping!  

Of course, the Death Star II will be eliminated. And of course, the explosion will be mammoth sized in proportion to its surroundings, but patently anticlimactic. Down goes the Imperial trawler. Up comes Master Luke as he tries to rescue dad from the flaming wreck, but dad can’t make it. So, the kindly old British gent expires, breathing his last with what looks like Bob Dylan or Neil Young’s harmonica strapped to his kisser. Good, Lord! Didn’t anyone see the connection? I sure did. Another one bites the dust, making room for the new and improved. Time to play a happy tune, for once! Hit it, Darth!!!

Lord Vader (Sebastian Shaw) breathes his last in ‘Return of the Jedi’ (1983)

That final, massive Death Star II explosion unleashes a spontaneous celebration on Endor. Ah, but there’s one last plot point to be resolved: Han learns that Leia is related to Luke by birth. And, boy, is he clueless about it to the end. Man, what a sap! And a clear disappointment to Solo’s millions of fans: a slam-bang, much-admired hero turned into a simpleton with a whimper and a kiss. Speaking of which, Little Wicket emerges from the underbrush, spreading good cheer about their victory against the Empire.

The final wrap-up of events includes Luke’s burning of his dad’s remains. How he managed to heave Vader’s hefty carcass up the gangplank and into his fighter craft is anybody’s guess. (Hint: He used the Force.) This is followed by an extended glimpse into other planetary celebrations extolling the rebels’ victory. Whoopee!

My biggest and loudest complaint was, is, and will forever remain the replacement of that wonderful little Ewok song and dance number (so apropos in this context) with a totally unsatisfactory, minor, minor, and I do mean minor musical interlude. Hey, where’s the chorus? After they made their first “appearance” in the duel to end all duels, Lucas decided to drop them? Fans won’t hear another vocal display of this magnitude until Episode I: The Phantom Menace, in the climactic “Duel of the Fates” sequence. In the interim, shame on you, John Williams, for giving in to this charade! This must have been Lucas’ biggest faux pas; one I’ve learned to revile and despise from the minute I heard it.

The other egregious example of gratuitous, self-congratulatory exploitation is Lucas’ replacement of reliable old Sebastian Shaw, as Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker, with (get ready for it….) the figure of young Hayden Christensen as an allegedly adult, whiny-voiced Anakin, in long-flowing priestly Jedi robes no less. AAARRGHH!!! Spare me from washed up producer-directors, please!!!

Before (below) and after (above): Two different endings for ‘Star Wars: Episode VI — Return of the Jedi’

Beginning of the End, or End of the Beginning?

Throughout their struggles, the Star Wars characters have indeed changed. They have undergone immense transformations in how they think and how they act. They’ve evolved into areas one could never have possibly envisioned: from the series’ humble beginnings in 1977 to their blockbuster 1983 ending. This, then, is what has made Star Wars so beloved by fans.

The three earlier films can be looked at by each succeeding generation as a continuously evolving epic saga on the grandest of scales — a modern myth for Baby Boomers, millennials, Generation-Xers, -Yers, -Zers, and whichever part of the alphabet comes next; both nerds and geeks everywhere, and from sci-fi freaks, computer whizzes, and wimpy kids, to anything and everything in between.

We’ve all grown up, we’ve all grown old, matured, or become more infantile (if you prefer) with age. Similarly, the series has encompassed all phases of our lives. Indeed, for nearly two generations the Star Wars series has been such an integral part of our youth, and our movie-going experience, that as time passes it gets harder and harder to let go. Before our eyes, and in three back-to-back episodes, the struggles of the main protagonists — and numerous side characters — have meant many things to many people.

We see the father we never knew. We meet the sister we’ve come to love. We’ve made close contacts, lifelong companions, and hardened foes: the bonds that never break, and the ones that should have broken. We’ve welcomed furry little bear-like creatures into our homes, along with eight-foot-tall walking carpets. Other fantastic creations, such as robots, droids, rocket ships galore, blasters, and galaxies so far, far away; daring escapades, split-second space travel, incredible floating cities in the sky; the villains you love to hate, the characters you hate to lose — an infinite technological and emotional universe where wonders never cease to amaze.

The ‘Star Wars’ cast of universally beloved characters from 1977 to 1983

America, too, has changed. The country has evolved from the pure innocence of postwar prosperity to middle-aged anxiety, holding on to an ever-more unattainable cultural dominance and influence. On the debit side, we’ve become incapable of resolving the complex issues that were once so easily within our grasp. Indeed, the country has advanced into another sphere entirely, certainly apart from the vaunted vision the movies had formerly inspired.

In a scant thirty years, our military forces have, indeed, become powerful, as our leaders have foreseen. They are the envy of the planet; while our prestige and honor, at home and abroad, as the symbol of truth, justice, liberty, and fair play, have begun to erode. Only the old saying that “might makes right” appears to have been retained. Can we prevent, or at the least circumvent, our own downfall? Can the ultimate fate of our nation be stemmed by a reversal in policy, or will we be brought to our knees, as the errant Darth Vader was, by the pure faith, innocence, and belief of a young Luke Skywalker, before it is too late?

George Lucas and his film empire have evolved as well and grown to Babylonian proportions. His Lucasfilms, ILM (Industrial Light and Magic), THX certification (after Tomlinson Holman, a colleague of Lucas), and CGI-equipped workshops have labored over a number of projects: from Jurassic Park and Robocop to Titanic and well beyond. His special FX wizards Paul Tippett, Dennis Murren, Stan Winston, Jim Henson’s creature workshop, Frank Oz, and all the puppeteers and purveyors of movie magic, have outpaced the actual work done by Old Georgie, who’s always considered himself more of a visionary producer and merchandiser than a director. I’m inclined to agree.

The special FX created for the original Star Wars films, while big, bombastic, and superior to anything from the 1930s or ‘40s before it, were detailed and finely rendered; there was a tactile beauty, a brilliance and a sheen to the scale models of impressive battle cruisers and intergalactic freighters. Part of the beauty of the Millennium Falcon and other sturdy spacecraft was that they had a solidity to them, that “used and lived in” look so endearing to us fans.

But as the original Star Wars epics have concluded their second and third series of stories, the more technologically advanced digital realm of the cinema has superseded the model-based Millennium Falcon of old. The charm, daring, and over-arching idealism of a brash, cheeky techno-geek named George Lucas have given way to the stale, standard, and joyless digital exercises of today, those utterly devoid of character and appeal.

Lucas’ “revivification” of the Star Wars series, with Episode I: The Phantom Menace, Episode II: Attack of the Clones, and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, were box office hits, no doubt of that; but they were also emotionally barren, dramatically inert, and technically nullified duds, barely registering on the human scale, but gigantic on the technological meter and desktop front.

Similar to the pleas above, can the series itself survive its long-prophesied demise? The latter entries were promising at best, but ultimately failed to recapture the spirit of the originals. Can we stem the ultimate tide? And can we bring it to its knees, as previously described, in the way Darth Vader was forced to do by the strength and power of the Force and its followers — those purveyors of the pure faith, the keepers of the Jedi flame — with the same innocence, naïveté, and belief that an optimistic, incorruptible Luke Skywalker had experienced, before it is too late?

We cannot provide the answers, only more questions. However, let me leave readers with this final word, a message from the great beyond, received directly from the source: May the Force be with us … always! Φ

Copyright © 2022 by Josmar F. Lopes

All the Time in the World — ‘Cast Away’ (2000)

Chuck Noland (Tom Hanks) is stranded on a Pacific Island in ‘Cast Away’ (2000)

“Time? Time is a precious commodity.”

How many times have you heard that? The expressions, “Don’t waste time, take advantage of it,” or “Waste not, want not,” are part of our daily grind. How about, “I’ve got all the time in the world?” Along with similar sentiments such as “There’s no time like the present” and “You’ve got too much time on your hands,” these sayings have turned into clichés with overuse.

Rod Serling, the late, great writer and host behind the popular TV series, The Twilight Zone, was intimately aware of the value of time. A proponent of everyday parables as mass entertainment, Serling wrote a dandy little episode, from Season One, entitled “Time Enough at Last,” about a mousy bank clerk named Henry Bemis (played by Burgess Meredith) whose sole ambition in life was to read books.

The only survivor of a hydrogen-bomb explosion, the timorous Mr. Bemis finds that he is alone amidst the debris. Fortunately, he has sufficient food and supplies to last several lifetimes. And apparently, Bemis now has all the time in the world to read his precious books. Greedy little fellow, isn’t he?

Having come upon a ruined library, the contents of which have spilled over into the street, Bemis piles all the books into neat stacks, one book placed on top of the other. His plan is to devote the time he has left to indulging himself to the fullest.

Regrettably, in his excitement Bemis bends down to pick up a dusty tome, only to let his glasses fall on the pavement. The result? The lenses shatter into tiny little fragments. “No, that’s not fair,” he whines to himself. “That’s not fair at all.”

No, Mr. Bemis, it’s not fair. But who said life was fair?

Henry Bemis (Burgess Meredith) with his precious books in ‘Time Enough at Last’

Yes, all the time in the world to read. To reap the riches flowing between a book’s covers. Yet no means to exploit the bounty; no way to explore this vast, untapped literary realm. Shakespeare, Chaucer, Dickens, Byron, Shelley, all at his fingertips, go for naught. So close to heaven, yet so far.

Bemis’ world has shrunk to arms’ length. Unreadable now, and completely out of focus, as formless and opaque as life can get. Of course, it’s not fair that his glasses broke, the means by which Mr. Bemis could have spent a lifetime wallowing in scholarly bliss. But it was not to be. He’s reduced to a metaphorical cypher — no better off than those who perished in the fallout. Perhaps even worse off.

On the other hand, in director/producer Robert Zemeckis and screenwriter William Broyles Jr.’s Cast Away (2000), busy Chuck Noland (a frenetic Tom Hanks) is overly preoccupied with time. Time is always on this guy’s mind. Yes, it is!

“Time rules over us without mercy,” Chuck proclaims loudly to a bunch of Russian FedEx workers, “not caring if we’re healthy or ill, hungry or drunk, Russian, American, or beings from Mars.”

Whew! What a tirade! But it’s only the beginning.

An executive analyst with the worldwide Federal Express Corporation, on-time delivery is part of Chuck’s daily routine. Why, the man lives each moment by the hands of a clock. Tick-tock, tick-tock, tick-tock — the seconds whizz by, mercilessly and unforgivingly. Chuck is a ticking time bomb, you see, waiting to explode. He senses the hours slipping away from his grasp. And he can barely contain himself as a result.

Time keeps on ticking for Chuck Noland (Tom Hanks) in ‘Cast Away’

For all intents, Chuck is a marathoner. He’s always on the run in a perpetual rat race with himself, his own private hamster-wheel of life. He might as well have one of those wheels installed in his office — that is, if Chuck could stay put there long enough. He barely has time to breathe, he’s so obsessed.

“Time is like a fire,” he grinds on. “It can either destroy us or keep us warm.” We see Chuck sprinting from one city to another, and from one coastline to the other. Flying nonstop to and fro, Chuck extends his company’s reach beyond state lines, flitting on metal wings from Moscow to Memphis and past mighty ports. The message he conveys is that whatever his company is shipping absolutely, positively has to get there no matter what.

Chuck is forever on the move. From the Atlantic to the Pacific, and back again. Stop, go, run, repeat. He’s a human blender, for Christ’s sake! “We live or we die by the clock. We never turn our back on it. And we never, ever allow ourselves the SIN of losing track of time!” Whoa!!! The man in serious!

On and on he shouts. He makes a lot of noise, but does his message sink in? If Chuck were a master criminal, you’d swear he was trying to cover something up, or escape detection for some horrible crime. Still, the harangue continues.

As his surname implies, Chuck has no land of his own, no place he can call “home.” I doubt the phrase “Home, Sweet Home” exists for him. He just can’t stay still, that’s his most obvious flaw. It’s that he’s so into his work, never mind committing to personal relationships. No time, you see. The only connections he makes are with his flights.

In fact, he has no personal connections to speak of, not even to his longtime girlfriend Kelly Frears (Helen Hunt). And, as her name suggests, Kelly “fears” this relationship is going nowhere. Yet, she’s “freer” than Chuck ever will be in making those important life decisions. One of them has long-lasting repercussions for them as a couple.

Early on, Chuck avoids an uncomfortable conversation with Stan (Nick Searcy), a friend and coworker, whose wife is undergoing treatment for cancer. Chuck turns away when he should be consoling and supportive. Later, Chuck rather awkwardly offers assistance by referring Stan to a specialist. “I’ll get you the number to my doctor,” he asserts.

Ouch, don’t you hate it when people get emotional? Doing to Chuck what Chuck did to him, Stan looks the other way. How awkward! Stan knows that Chuck is only “talking” to make himself feel better. Nothing serious, really. Just empty platitudes, banalities not worth either the time or the effort. How sad.

That’s Chuck for you. Full of hollow reassurances, signifying nothing. So, what do we think about this fellow? Not much, I’m afraid. We don’t like him very much. Nope, not one bit. Even if Tom Hanks plays him.

As Chuck whisks off for a last-minute flight to Malaysia just prior to New Year’s Eve (perfect timing!), girlfriend Kelly decides to give him a Christmas present: her father’s gold watch. There’s a little photo of her inside this family heirloom. How sweet! So, what does Chuck do? He shoves a present at her through the car window. But she’s not to open it until his return. Oh, darn it!

Their exchange is stiff, mannered and calculated, going only so far yet not far enough. Chuck has a plane to catch, you see. Gotta go! Still, what is it that he tosses to her? It’s a gorgeous engagement ring, an afterthought in a FedEx world of afterthoughts. Geez!

Chuck throws her a farewell kiss as a bonus. “I’ll be right back,” he shouts, against the noise of a FedEx jet revving up its engines.

He does not return.

An Island of Dreams, A Sea of Troubles

Wild man of Borneo? No, it’s Tom Hanks as Chuck Noland, stranded on an uncharted island

For four years, Chuck goes missing and is presumed dead. What happened to Chuck? In brief, the plane he was on experienced engine failure during a massive tropical storm. It crashed, with no survivors, somewhere in the South Pacific, six hundred miles off its destination of Malaysia.

Incredibly, Chuck manages to survive the crash. Whisked by chance to a small island (via an inflatable raft), he cautiously explores the tiny abode. A deserted paradise, one would think. Now THERE’S a paradox for you! How can a paradise be deserted? Well, when you’re alone and emotionally bereft of human companionship, that’s a living hell in our book.

No matter. Chuck learns the hard way to eke out a Robinson Crusoe-like existence. From a grove of coconut trees, he’s able to draw liquid sustenance. He even manages to build a fire, which he uses not to destroy but to keep himself warm and cozy. He catches small crabs and tiny fish, too. Yup, Chuck’s an authentic outdoorsman. But the coconuts take their toll on his system; in fact, they give him the runs.

The dead body of a pilot washes up on the shore. Ugh! Chuck does the honors by burying the deceased. This is the start of his coming to terms with his humanity. Soon, soggy FedEx packages begin to wash up as well. Chuck profits from these FedEx packages, employing a pair of skates, in one instance, to cut open coconuts and shape palm trees. Even more ingenious is his use of video cassette tapes to bind together logs for a raft, but that’s still to come.

In the meantime, he’s forced to perform oral surgery on himself to relieve the pain he’s experiencing from a nasty toothache. A makeshift root canal? No way! Out goes the tooth, and down goes Chuck.

His most significant discovery, however, is a volleyball. A Wilson Sporting Goods model, to be precise. At first glance, Chuck doesn’t know what to do with the volleyball, but eventually takes a liking to it. To our surprise, the volleyball becomes his Man Friday, in a manner of speaking, with Chuck carrying on a one-sided conversation with the prop. Of course, he’s really talking to himself, but don’t tell him that.  

Wilson, the unheralded volleyball and silent “star” of Robert Zemeckis’ ‘Cast Away’

Another incident, during which a pained Chuck accidentally slices his hand while trying to light a fire, leads to his tossing the volleyball aside with his bloody palmprint. Chuck retrieves the object and, admiring his handiwork, paints a human-like face on it. “Wilson,” he calls it. Ah, yes, a true blood brother and friend to the end. But Wilson can’t talk back, or can it? With regard to their running dialogue, Chuck both asks and answers his own questions. Has his mind started to unravel?

For the next four years, Chuck puts up with his solitary existence. He loses weight, but otherwise appears to be in reasonably good shape. Not nearly so agitated as when he first “arrived” on the islet, Chuck stomps about the atoll in predetermined steps. He knows where to walk and what sharp ridges to avoid, too. Holy smoke, he’s gone native!

With nothing in the way of razors or barber clippers to rely upon, Chuck’s beard and hair grow to remarkable lengths. He resembles a wilder version of Johnny Appleseed, a Tarzan without his Apes, or a Mowgli without Bagheera and Baloo. It’s just him and Wilson, roughing it in the wild. Even Wilson gets into the action, sprouting a mop of branch stems on its noggin.   

Still, Chuck keeps up that old daily grind. After a portable plastic potty shows up on the shore, Chuck gets an idea: he resolves to make good his escape by using the potty as a sail for a raft. Indeed, he’s had enough of the island life. Time to get busy and leave.

Many months before, Chuck spotted a ship on the horizon. He tried signaling to it, but no luck. It was too far away. He tried rowing to it on what was left of that inflatable raft, only to be tossed overboard from the force of the waves, resulting in a nasty foot accident. This time, though, Chuck is prepared to take that leap of faith.

Earlier, Chuck found his way to the island’s highest peak. Looking out from his spot, he picked at a stringy piece of rope dangling from the broken limb of a tree. On the end of the rope was a noose. He examined the noose, his eyes focused on it. We learn later that Chuck planned to kill himself. Oh, my goodness! We now have our answer: he lost it, he did, if only temporarily.

Having failed at putting an end to his existence (which must have pained him profoundly), Chuck decides to risk it all in one last dip into the watery breach. He fills the wooden raft he’s been tirelessly working on — to include an unopened, undelivered FedEx package — with enough water and provisions to survive the trek.

Wilson is definitely “on board” with the idea. But a massive storm surge and a spate of the doldrums exhaust Chuck’s resolve. In a momentary lapse of attention, Wilson falls overboard and is set adrift on the tide. Despite his strenuous efforts, Chuck loses Wilson to the mighty Pacific. The volleyball is sacrificed to the sea gods, possibly to appease their wrath.

Chuck is beside himself with grief. “I’m sorry, Wilson. I’m sorry,” he blubbers on and on. There goes his trusty companion. This wasn’t the first time he’s faced abandonment, and it won’t be his last either.

“Wilson! Wilson!!!” Chuck Noland tries in vain to rescue his volleyball buddy Wilson

Born Again

What’s kept Chuck afloat all these years? Was it his relationship with Wilson? Was it the thought of seeing Kelly again? All that time, he’s kept the pocket watch with her picture in the cave he’d been living in. Sure, it’s worn and dusty, tarnished even, but still identifiable. Night after night, before going to sleep, Chuck would stare longingly at Kelly’s portrait. But was that enough to sustain him?

Ironically, the loss of Wilson has flung Chuck’s raft, or what’s left of it, in the direction of his being rescued by a passing cargo ship. A miracle, you say? Indeed it is! And what a story he has to tell.

In the last third of the picture, Chuck is a different person. He’s calmer, for one thing, more pensive and measured in his speech. He speaks in softer tones, less strident than in the past. He’s mellowed out considerably, and in no rush to resume the rat race. There’s also a sense of calm resignation to his bearing, of his having stepped off that old hamster-wheel he’d been on and shaken the sand off his bare feet. 

Wait! What’s that? A kinder, gentler Chuck Noland? No more yelling, no more screaming? No more windy sermons about running out of time, no more rush deliveries? And no more living by the hands of an imaginary clock?

In the film’s most touching episodes — the ones that Tom Hanks fans will be arguing about from now till crack of doom — Chuck talks honestly and openly, for once, with Stan, his FedEx friend and coworker. When Chuck is reunited with Stan, he’s told that his friend’s wife, Mary, has passed away of cancer.

“Oh, Stan, I’m so sorry I wasn’t around when Mary died. I should’ve been there for you. And I wasn’t… I’m so sorry.” Stan smiles at his friend. This is the first time a formerly unsympathetic Chuck has spoken so sincerely to anyone about anything so caring and humane as the loss of a loved one. He knows what Stan has gone through, mainly because Chuck himself has experienced it. That is, the loss of his volleyball companion, Wilson. But there’s another loss he must contend with and accept.

Stan informs him that, since he was declared dead, Kelly had to let him go. There was also a funeral service held in his absence. Yes, and a coffin, too. “You had a coffin?” Puzzled and mildly annoyed, Chuck asks what was in the coffin? There’s no real answer. Stan claims that everyone tossed in a little something, a personal remembrance of some kind, including a few Elvis Presley CDs. All in all, there wasn’t much else to be said. Like the corpse of the pilot that washed up on the shores of his little island, Chuck’s onetime self is dead and buried. Gone, to put it mildly. He’s born again, thanks to several “baptisms” in the murky depths.

Chuck’s other loss is more heartfelt, and more sorrowful to him personally. He’s told that Kelly married his orthodontist (Chris Noth), the same orthodontist who tried to get Chuck to take care of his abscessed tooth — the one that nearly drove him mad with pain. Kelly also has a daughter. A little FedEx package, delivered directly to Kelly and her orthodontist husband while Chuck was away on that deserted island. Oh, the absurdity of it all!

Yet, Chuck does not give up the ship. During a torrential downpour, something he got used to in those formative years on that tropical isle, Chuck visits Kelly at her home. The couple reunite, briefly, in a tender embrace. True, they still love each other. But Kelly’s got obligations now, a husband to take care of, and a child to watch over. A family, in other words.

Chuck Noland tries to reunite with Kelly Frears (Helen Hunt) in the pouring rain

Chuck understands. His stillness and calm are palpable. This, indeed, is a different Chuck, a more understanding one. In effect, he understands only too well. In the film’s most revealing moment, Chuck opens up to Stan in a makeshift confessional. Only an actor of Tom Hanks’ range and ability could deliver such a perceptive, convincing speech without being cloying or sentimental. Chuck’s years of isolation has brought him inner peace and, more pointedly, a rare understanding of his own nature.

By holding back, Chuck speaks his mind without spilling his guts. It’s the kind of insight one gets from having experienced loss: the loss of a relative, a spouse, a loved one, or one’s children. Even a favorite pet. The pain is always there, it never goes away. In its place is a wisdom beyond the years. A knowledge that, as Chuck has discovered, leads to acceptance. We accept our fate, no matter what it is. And we go on.

He tells Stan that, despite it all — especially his having to lose Kelly all over again (sniff, sniff) — he’s got to keep moving. For an instant, Chuck recalls his experience on the island, especially his failed suicide attempt. “I knew somehow that I had to stay alive,” he relates, “to keep breathing.” We know of his encounter with those FedEx packages, and his unspoken alliance with Wilson, who arrived via one of those same packages.  

“Who knows what the tide could bring.”       

Yes, it was that lone FedEx package, the one he kept with him on that raft to freedom, that Chuck needed to deliver. And he does deliver it. In doing so, he winds up at the exact spot that an earlier FedEx delivery truck was in — that is, at a crossroads in the middle of nowhere.

Chuck has unintentionally opened up a new pathway to another life. A better, more fulfilling life? Only time will tell.

That pretty lady, the one in the pickup truck, with a little dog in back. She seems so nice and friendly. Oh, yeah, very nice. Interesting. And, as a matter of fact, she’s gone off in the same direction that Chuck had just come from. Well, well, look what the tide’s brought in! What do you know about that? What are you waiting for, Chuckie old boy?

But Chuck’s in no rush. No rush at all. Why, he’s got all the time in the world.  

Copyright © 2022 by Josmar F. Lopes

An ‘Amen’ for Sidney Poitier

Sidney Poitier during 2006 Cannes Film Festival – Opening Night Gala – Inside at Palais de Festival in Cannes, France. (Photo by Toni Anne Barson/WireImage)

There will be many tributes to the late actor-director Sidney Poitier, especially during Black History Month in February. So please excuse me if I get a jump on the celebration.

The Florida-born, Bahamian Islands native is sure to be honored in death, as he was in life, for having been the first Black male to win an Academy Award as Best Actor for the 1963 movie Lilies of the Field. Not necessarily a fair representation of his abilities overall, Poitier’s outer calm and inner fire captured the attention of audiences from the very start of his stage and screen career.

That career came about amid the turbulence of the 1950s and sixties, if you can believe it. A time of increased racial tension and polarization.

Poitier’s official birthdate, February 20, 1927 (some sources gave the year as 1924), failed to indicate that he had come into this world several months too soon. The term “premature” is often used. Not expected to live, little Sidney overcame this apparent setback, mostly through his mother’s prayers and an inherent ability to rise above the challenges. There would be more challenges to come. If anything, the rumors of Poitier’s early passing had been greatly exaggerated.

I will not attempt to convey every facet of Poitier’s life and work. That’s best done by others. Still, most people familiar with the actor’s output, especially those from the early fifties to the 1970s and eighties, would have known in advance about his contributions to the form. What I will do, then, if I may beg your indulgence, is relate my experience with his work to the times in which we lived.

I remember first seeing Poitier on our twelve-inch TV set, that tiny black, white and gray window to the world at large, where everyone and everything was reduced to miniscule proportions. Was this correct? No, not really. The proper setting for your favorite film stars was in the movie theater. Larger than life, that’s the ticket. Not something that I was privy to in my youth, however; certainly not on a regular basis. Too young, too soon, we were told. But you made do with what you had — and that’s what we had.

How about that television set? Nope. There simply weren’t that many people of color represented on TV in the early to mid-1960s, period. Things changed, though. And certainly, by the end of the decade the appearance of Black performers and artists of color became more prevalent. On both TV and in the movies. And you didn’t need a color television set to tell you that.

‘Lilies of the Field’ (1963)

Oscar-winner Sidney Poitier (left) as Homer Smith with Lilia Skala in ‘Lilies of the Field’ (1963)

I finally got to see Poitier on the big screen when our high school held a special showing of Lilies of the Field. That’s the one where a handyman (Poitier, naturally) was recruited, if you want to call it that — badgered is more to the point — by a group of enterprising German nuns (penguins in black-and-white habits) who cajole him into building a chapel out in the Arizona desert.

Say again? Build a what, out where??? Those insistent nuns must have been out of their uninhibited minds, but what did I know about nuns, German or otherwise? Although baptized a Catholic, I was raised a Methodist. No matter, we got the idea that Sidney, with his solid work ethic and boundless good cheer — in sum, his inbred concern for life’s unfortunates — would give in and build those nuns their precious chapel.

From the direction the plot had taken, you’d expect the obvious would come about sooner rather than later. That is, the means justified the ends to which these German nuns had gone to in order to get their way with our man Sidney, called Homer Smith in the film. Homer Smith? How boring, how bland. Oh, well, who said an actor’s life was easy. As if what we had to face as kids weren’t enough, adults too had to put up with what they could get. But Sidney got the better of the deal. He took home an Oscar for his efforts. Go get ‘em, Sid!

Wait, what about that song? Some silly ditty or other that Homer taught those same nuns? I don’t remember the words, but I do know the refrain: “Aaa-a-men! Aaa-a-men! Aaa-AAA-men, Aaa-men, Aaa-men!” Yeah, that’s the spirit! A real “feel good” number. And so damn catchy, too. We came out of the auditorium chanting those same words: “Aaa-a-men! Aaa-a-men! Aaa-AAA-men, Aaa-men, Aaa-men!” A bunch of noisy Black, white, Irish, Hispanic, Chinese, Italian, and Jewish kids, singing along to the tune and joining in the refrain. Oh, that was so much fun! Never knew a film could do that to a person, let alone a bashful teenager in the first-year of high school.

Heck, that was back in ‘69, when I first saw Lilies of the Field. I learned a lot about perseverance from that flick, about charity and brotherhood, and having a solid work ethic, too. Was Sidney Poitier responsible? Not that I looked forward to working like a dog, the way Homer Smith did as he dove head-first into his labors. Man, they should have nicknamed him “Hercules,” not Homer. What a workaholic!

No matter, it was all Greek to me. And as far I could tell, those lilies were all lily white.

‘To Sir, With Love’ (1967)

To Sir, With Love’ (1967), starring Sidney Poiter and pop singer Lulu (left, next to Poitier)

So what would Sidney do for an encore? Well, now, we’d all heard about Poitier’s next venture, To Sir, With Love from 1967. Even our teachers knew and talked endlessly about the film. Curious, I wondered why they would do that. What was so special about this picture that attracted the attention of our teachers? A work filmed in Great Britain, of all places? And what did Merry Old England have to do with the South Bronx where I resided? Quite a lot, I soon discovered.  

With Poitier as our guide, the “Sir” in the title, how could I go wrong? In my naiveté, I imagined he had been knighted by Queen Elizabeth for services rendered — about as misguided an association as one could possibly have made. But again, I was wrong on that count, too.

In that British-made production, Sidney played a teacher with an engineering background who, due to a lack of available opportunities in his field (code for discrimination), takes a job at a school in London’s rough East End district populated by miscreants and juvenile delinquents. Oh joy! You know the rest: The well-mannered teacher, or “Sir” as he insists upon being addressed, has trouble reaching out to those same rough-house, working-class young people.

Eventually, through discipline and so-called “tough love” (a term not even coined at the time) that included a one-sided boxing match with one of the students, Sir Sidney manages to impose a semblance of order and discipline on his charges as well as earn their respect in the “claws-room.” Do I hear a Pink Floyd number in progress? “We don’t need no education, we don’t need no thought control”? Not exactly, although one of the students, Babs (played by pop singer Lulu), warbles the title tune, “To Sir, With Love,” at a dance gathering. The song went on to become a best seller in North America. Pink Floyd came later.

There’s also a racial angle to the film, which was right up Sidney’s alley. I didn’t know this at the time, but the actor had, himself, played a juvenile delinquent in the earlier The Blackboard Jungle (1955). He was ably assisted by fellow troublemakers Vic Morrow and the unknown Jamie Farr. And it, too, featured a hit number, “Rock Around the Clock,” sung by Bill Haley and His Comets, used intermittingly throughout the picture. Funny how art can imitate life.

Another thing: These types of hard-hitting, ripped from the headlines features were fairly common in not-so-merry-old England. In fact, this was a period marked by the phrase “Angry young men” that went on to become an accepted movie genre. Gritty dramas such as Look Back in Anger (1959), Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1961), This Sporting Life (1963), and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962) made stars out of angry young male actors Richard Burton, Albert Finney, Richard Harris, and Tom Courtney, respectively.   

Looking back myself — not in anger but in hindsight — at To Sir, With Love; and comparing this British-made product to what was happening in middle America (especially in the big cities), it’s reasonable to assume that lack of opportunities for minorities and other ethnicities, in combination with prejudices and negative attitudes toward those same minorities, had contributed mightily to growing racial tensions.

We were privy to this up close and personal. “In your face” was the everyday norm and, by any and all means, no exaggeration. Confrontations and trying to avoid them became commonplace. “What you lookin’ at, man?” “Nothin’, man, I ain’t lookin’ at nothin’.” You better believe it… You looked the other way. And quickly.

‘In the Heat of the Night’ (1967)

‘In the Heat of the Night’ (1967), directed by Norman Jewison, with Sidney Poitier, Rod Steiger

One film that refused to look the other way, or turn the other cheek, was In the Heat of the Night. Your standard police procedural, an all-too-common feature of countless TV series from the fifties and sixties, tended to pass through the kitchen blender in endless “repeat mode.” But it finally met its match in Poitier’s cultivated hands.

This is the one where an obviously intelligent Black police inspector, traveling incognito in plain clothes, is stopped and frisked and treated disrespectfully by bigoted Southern policemen from Sparta, Mississippi. Yep, you read that right: Sparta. The very name spells confrontation and battle. Included was your stereotypical potbellied police chief, energetically portrayed by gum-chewing Method actor Rod Steiger. A man who took the heat of those Southern nights seriously, so much so that he lived his part 24/7.

Chief Gillespie was the name, and blame was his game. That is, he and his police cohorts took it upon themselves to pin the murder of a rich industrialist on the least likely but most available suspect: a Black man in fancy clothing whose uppity manners and holier-than-thou “atty-tood” riles the chief to no end.  

As for Sidney, moderation and restraint were in his blood, not exactly compatible with Steiger’s more easily combustible persona. Nevertheless, I couldn’t take my eyes off these two. What a pair! Their rapid repartee became a modern reconstruction of a medieval joust. When they were in the scene, I felt as if I were in cinema heaven: This is what real stars looked and acted like. They yelled at each other, shouted bloody murder. Steiger spewed forth racial epithets with as much bile and venom as any stereotypical Southern sheriff would do.

I questioned, to myself, why Sidney had been forced to take such abuse from this ignorant hick. Even when it was revealed that Virgil Tibbs, Poitier’s name in the film, wasn’t a local at all but a visiting police detective from the big city of Philadelphia. That did it! That’s all Chief Gillespie had to hear. And, boy, did Gillespie lay into Virgil with all the insult and injury in his possession. You could tell he was getting under Virgil’s skin.

“You pretty sure of yourself, ain’t you, Virgil? Virgil? That’s a funny name for a n*****r boy to come from Philadelphia! What do they call you up there?”

Yeah, Virgil, go on, tell ‘em. What DO they call you up in Philly? I wanted to know. Heck, my whole family wanted to know! Which is why my entire being stood on the edge of our living room couch, waiting for that master punchline to hit: “They call me MISTER Tibbs!” Wham, bam! Down and out for the count!

Sidney’s verbal comeback was nothing short of miraculous. But it paled next to the slap felt round the world. The one Inspector Tibbs gave another Southern bigot, the plantation owner Endicott (Larry Gates, a New York actor), and a chief suspect in the crime, an electrifying sequence that made movie history and audiences gasp in astonishment. WOW! Black man fights back! Never saw THAT happen before!

With battle lines drawn and the real culprit caught, an uneasy truce begins to settle between Detective Tibbs and Chief Gillespie. They part ways, but with a grudging respect and acknowledgment of one another’s abilities.

The remainder of Poitier’s career led him to the director’s chair, along with parts in more “staid” productions. He partook of the growing Blaxploitation film experience of the seventies and eighties. He helmed movies starring his lifelong friend and fellow Civil Rights activist Harry Belafonte. He appeared alongside comic Bill Cosby and directed Gene Wilder and Richard Pryor in farcical escapist fare. He starred as Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall in a made-for-TV movie. And he appeared ever-so-sporadically in supporting parts, taking his acting career full circle.

But for me, personally, I still see him in my mind’s eye as Detective Virgil Tibbs. As Sir, With Love. And, of course, as handyman Homer Smith. Always honest, always elegant, always self-aware. His eyes fixed, his chin out. His back firm and rigid, his stance straight and tall. The look of a self-possessed man. A Black man with dignity. And, above all, with pride. His bearing spoke volumes. If his death be not proud, then let’s focus on his life. Of that, we can all be proud.

So say it loud, people! Can we hear an “Amen” for Sidney Poitier? Go ahead, say it! I can’t HEAR YOU!!!

That’s better.

Copyright © 2022 by Josmar F. Lopes

‘Moonrise Kingdom’ (2012) — Wes Anderson’s Guide to Young Adulthood

The comedy-drama ‘Moonrise Kingdom’ by writer-director Wes Anderson (2012)

“Kids! What’s the matter with kids today?” complained comedian Paul Lynde in the 1963 musical-comedy Bye, Bye Birdie. “Who can understand anything they say? They are disobedient, disrespectful oafs! Noisy, crazy, sloppy, lazy, loafers! While we’re on the subject: Kids! You can talk and talk till your face is blue! But they still just do what they want to do! Why can’t they be like we were?” (Lyrics courtesy of Lee Adams).

Why, indeed. Could it be that they know better? Yeah, those crazy mixed-up kids! What a nuisance, what a pain! And “Kids” is the perfect theme song for a musical about crazy mixed-up teenagers from the late 1950s, obsessed with a fictional rock-‘n’-roll idol — a hip-swaying, about-to-be-drafted rockabilly patterned after Elvis Presley.

In Wes Anderson’s Moonrise Kingdom (2012), set in late summer 1965, we have a similar set of participants: namely, a slap-happy group of crazy mixed-up preteens and their adult counterparts. The premise, in this case, involves a troubled pubescent pair, Sam Shakusky (Jared Gilman) and Suzy Bishop (Kara Hayward), who finds itself in the throes of puppy love. Having carried on a year-long correspondence — in one of Anderson’s patented rapid-fire flashbacks — the two decide to run away together. On the opposite track, the girl’s middle-aged parents, Walt and Laura Bishop (Bill Murray and Frances McDormand), both lawyers by profession, face their own midlife crisis.

Next, sad-eyed but none-too-bright Police Captain Sharp (Bruce Willis) goes on the trail of the fugitive “miscreants,” between furtive visits to Mrs. Bishop whom Suzy has continuously spied on because, the daughter suspects, mom has been carrying on an affair with the policeman for some time. Meanwhile, an insensitive Social Services worker, who remains a nameless bureaucrat throughout (but we know her as Tilda Swinton), tries to put a semblance of order to a disorderly situation.

Suzy Bishop (Kara Hayward) spies on her mom from atop their home in ‘Moonrise Kingdom’

We also have the garrulous narrator (Bob Balaban) doubling as a garden gnome and modeled on the Stage Manager from Thornton Wilder’s Our Town, who pops up at regular intervals to offer details about our quaint New England abode. Those details become markers for what is to come. This is followed by self-important Scout Master Ward (Edward Norton) and his Keystone Kops-like band of Khaki Scouts who parade about Camp Ivanhoe as if they were underaged army troopers (uh, more like makeshift “Lords of the Flies,” in one instance). As with Police Captain Sharp and Laura Bishop, Ward appears to be courting Becky (Marianna Bassham), the island’s sole Telephone Operator, on the sly.

In addition, a frustrated foster parent, Mr. Billingsley (Larry Pine), succeeds in relieving himself of the burden for caring for his troubled charge. That troubled charge, twelve-year-old Sam Shakusky, just happens to be the object of Social Services’ clashes with Police Captain Sharp. He’s also the same boy in love with dark-haired, doe-eyed Suzy. Oh, and one more thing: Sam has a tendency to set stuff on fire when he sleepwalks — quite accidentally, of course (but of course!). Because of this quirk, Sam is banished from the Billingsley household.  

All this, and the symphonic and vocal harmonies of English composer Benjamin Britten to top things off — preferably, with red ribbons and a violin bow (there’s also a dandy original score by Alexandre Desplat). Is this any way to start a movie? It is, if the movie happens to be one by Wes Anderson.

Anderson wastes no time in introducing audiences to his world and to the dysfunctional Bishop Bunch. We get a bird’s eye sense of the filmmaker’s basic approach, and how it all ties together into a much larger canvas (or needlepoint) of human behavior, as the situation demands. Murray, for instance, has a permanent look of resignation: bulging midriff, slumped shoulders, and an air of melancholia. Similarly, McDormand commands the household with her hand-held bullhorn, as she blasts orders and threats to family members in or out of earshot. What, is shouting in her natural voice too good for her?

Just as in the Britten piece, the film opens with all the players at the ready — well, most of them, anyway. Each is in his or her respective sphere of influence (the summer home, the porch, the dining area, the bedroom, outdoors, indoors, wherever). This is supposed to be your typical middle-class family, but there’s nothing typical about this crowd. And, as it was with Britten’s work, each section is spotlighted in snippets of background filler, just enough to tap into the audience’s interest.

The instruments employed show off their capabilities in short spurts. Likewise, our human equivalents also figure into the pattern, providing hints of their quirky behavior. Everything comes together in the end, however, with a rousing fugue that unites the disparate elements into a flurry of activity, while closing on a major key.

Why, it’s a veritable all-music fest, an echo of those long-ago, Leonard Bernstein-led Young People’s Concerts in miniature. Anderson even used Bernstein’s recording of the Britten work with the New York Philharmonic, a prime example of the director’s coincidental-slash-quite-on-purpose musical montages much favored by fans and admirers. Tidbits of crucial information are thrown at viewers in quick succession, an Anderson trademark.

Music and Comedy for Everyone

A comedic banquet for the eyes and ears, Moonrise Kingdom is another of the Houston-born writer-director’s chaotic showcases of life among skewed adults who act… well, like children; and the damaged children they leave behind (see The Royal Tenenbaums) who try desperately to act like adults. A contradiction in terms? Your guess is as good as mine, but that’s what makes Anderson’s features such a challenge to normal sensibilities.

Toss in a wire-haired fox terrier called Snoopy (no, not THAT Snoopy), who unlike his namesake meets an untimely end, and you have a farcical yet affectionate tribute to mid-1960s pop culture, replete with knowing pokes at nostalgic symbols from days gone by. Indeed, nostalgia and the loss of innocence are persistent themes in many of Mr. Anderson’s films. And this one is no exception.

Really, what’s there to say about a seemingly peaceful New England coastal paradise, i.e., the make-believe island of New Penzance (no pirates, please), where a monster hurricane is about to bear down upon its inhabitants at a most inopportune moment? A metaphor for the turbulent lives of Anderson’s characters? Portents of radical and/or cultural changes to come? You betcha! And Anderson leaves no stone unturned, to coin a typical phrase.

The know-it-all narrator (Bob Balaban) explains it all for you in “Moonrise Kingdom’

Beneath it all, we are privy to Britten’s 1945 A Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra, subtitled Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell, comprised of woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings. Like Britten, Sir Henry Purcell was an English-born musician but of the Baroque period, renowned for a series of stage works, principally the operas Dido and Aeneas, King Arthur, and The Fairy Queen. Britten himself was no slouch in that department (Peter Grimes, Billy Budd, The Turn of the Screw, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Death in Venice), having made up for lost time between the interval of Purcell’s early demise (in 1695) and his own birth two centuries later, in securing England’s place in the operatic firmament.

Interestingly, Anderson presents viewers with Noye’s Fludde, a one-act children’s recreation of the Old Testament story of Noah and the Ark, where God commands Noah to build a vessel and populate it with two of every known animal. Because mankind has sinned, God was going to start fresh with Noah and his brood. The text, derived from an old English mystery play, directs that it be performed by amateur performers, with the exceptions of Noah, his wife, and the voice of God. At the start, the piece serves as the meeting place where Sam first spots Suzy. She plays a sexy raven with heavy eyeliner (no wonder he’s attracted to her). You can feel the electricity in their stares and glances.

Suzy Bishop (middle) as the raven in Benjamin Britten’s children’s opera, ‘Noye’s Fludde’

Not satisfied with that, Anderson bathes his audiences in sixties-style pop sounds from France (via Parisian chanteuse Françoise Hardy) and a sampling of Country-Western ballads (sung by Hank Williams). The British group the Kinks, one of Anderson’s favorites, and their tunes are nowhere to be heard. But the director makes up for their absence with several other Britten pieces. There are passing references as well to filmmaker François Truffaut and the French New Wave, which was coming into its own in this same time period. Too, the New Hollywood and its own version of outré film forays were right around the corner.

But then, we have the paradoxical presence of a lookalike Lord Baden-Powell, founder of the Boy Scouts, played by Harvey Keitel in short pants and walrus mustache. What’s that? Don’t tell me you didn’t notice the resemblance? Either you weren’t paying attention or, more likely, you may not have been attuned to Anderson’s mania for cultural references, of which this film (and others like it) abound in.

Possessing a healthy curiosity about the world as it once was, a subject he delved into at length with 2014’s The Grand Budapest Hotel and, more recently, The French Dispatch, Anderson fills the screen and soundtrack with trivial matters such as these — sort of like sprinkling sugar on an already sweetened parfait.

But isn’t he asking too much of his viewers? That is, for them to be overly indulgent in kowtowing to his directorial whims? His penchant for the obscure? His love of over-the-top storytelling? We don’t think so. These so-called “devices” add substance to Anderson’s enticing entrees. He’ll leave many viewers in the dark, that’s for certain. But it behooves audiences to put in the extra effort in dissecting these truffles at our leisure. Specifically, for what they reveal about individual motives.  

As the film that came before The Grand Budapest Hotel (see my earlier review of this masterpiece of comic hilarity: https://josmarlopes.wordpress.com/2020/07/12/the-grand-budapest-hotel-2014-last-bastion-of-civility/) and just after The Darjeeling Limited and Fantastic Mr. Fox, Moonrise Kingdom shares similarities in style as well as content. The difference, however, may be that in this feature, Anderson and co-writer Roman Coppola’s cinematic trip down a fast-fading memory lane boasts an unrequited air of innocence and naiveté. It’s as if they want viewers to discover the joys and sorrows of growing up for themselves. While periodically permeating the gauzy color scheme and 16mm camera work with silent movie-era antics, we soon discover that our young protagonists may not be as virtuous as they first appear.

Although the “love couple” in question is no doubt comprised of two audacious twelve-year-olds, the range of maturity they exhibit (and their inherent eccentricities), combined with variable degrees of childish smirks and wise-beyond-the-years awareness into adult behavior, tap them as young people with a future: Sam, a talented watercolor artist and budding outdoorsman; and Suzy, a voracious reader and (hopefully) aspiring author of science fiction-fantasy books who hides her true feelings behind stolen goods (those unreturned library books).

Sam Shakusky (Jared Gilman), our little Roger Ebert wannabe, in coonskin cap

There’s a hazy outlook to the picture as a whole, with a saturated film palette not of the Technicolor variety but of softer shades and tones. The whole thing plays as a foggy remembrance of incidents past, where memory can be vague and recollections fleeting at best.

At their worst, Anderson’s films are the equivalent of a seven-course meal — there’s almost too much there to savor over and take in at one time. They’re at their juiciest when digested in slow, satisfying morsels, as long-term sustenance for the hungry movie fan. But they’re never easy to chew. Anderson certainly knows his craft, but you can’t help getting the feeling he’s not above showing off his accomplishments: “Look! See how clever I am? Isn’t that bit hilarious?” That sort of thing.

Call his pictures a manna for simpler times, for a lost innocence whose shelf life has long since expired. For resourcefulness and cunning in the face of overwhelming odds, all of them tied to winnowing plot lines, one of which focuses primarily on a star-crossed pair of adolescents who, through chance, fate or sheer dumb luck, happen to stumble onto one another when their needs were at their greatest.

Adventures Into the Absurd

Each of Anderson’s cinematic delights comes back to us in like manner: some in new wrappings, others basically unchanged. The point being that, at Moonrise Kingdom’s end, each of the participant’s concerns becomes unified within a commonly held purpose.

For instance, when the Khaki Scouts make a collective decision to rescue Sam and Suzy (hopefully, from themselves), the couple asks to be joined in, er, unholy matrimony by Cousin Ben (Jason Schwartzman), an older scout who takes his strictly ceremonial duties far too seriously. Still, the scene of the young people pledging their vows places added emphasis on the seriousness of Sam and Suzy’s purpose. They want to be “married,” and so they are (in a manner of speaking). The Khaki Scouts have joined forces with their fellow twelve-year-old troopers in a show of solidarity not previously expressed. With the exception of the lone holdout, a snotty little brat named Redford (a lookalike for, well, you know who), the bonds that tie these little brigands together are stronger than we might imagine.        

Mr. and Mrs. Bishop (Bill Murray, Frances McDormand), Scout Master Ward (Edward Norton)
and Police Captain Sharp (Bruce Willis) in ‘Moonrise Kingdom’ (2012)

The climax of Britten’s piece, then, solidifies this aspect of the characters’ relationships: at first, togetherness, followed by separation and estrangement, and finally a coming back together. Hopefully, to a more functioning whole. The final fugue and full orchestral repeat of Purcell’s main theme (in the trombones and brass section) returns the musical portion of our program to its beginning.

Similarly, the same occurs within the story and among its protagonists. After the hurricane has done its damage, a semblance of normality, if not normality itself, comes to windswept New Penzance. For the most part, attitudes have been changed or at best modified. We can take comfort in the outcome. For now, Sam, our pint-sized “Roger Ebert” wannabe in coonskin cap, is appeased. And a rapidly maturing Suzy, the “kidnapped girl,” has emerged from her cocoon a stronger and more resolute individual, determined to steer her own course in life, unburdened by excess baggage or uninspired, unfeeling parenting.

Taken individually, however, Sam is not so good at being a Khaki Scout, but he’s terrific at pitching a pup tent. His efforts, for example, at determining which way the wind blows come to naught. So, forget about scouting, kid, just go with your feelings. He’s less a junior ranger and more an artist at heart (we’re shown samples of his artwork, including a rather “revealing” nude!). Suzy’s a bookworm but also a kleptomaniac. And, boy, does she have anger management issues! With her family and others of her age group, she’s belligerent and argumentative. With Sam, she’s tolerant but to a point. She can stand up for herself, but so can Sam, in his deliberately lowkey way.

Despite evidence to the contrary, we mustn’t forget that they’re still kids. In two separate incidents, Sam and Suzy hurt each other. Not physically, mind you, nor intentionally either, but with words. Words hurt. The wounds they leave behind cannot physically be seen, yet they stay with you longer. At those times, the young couple may have inadvertently mimicked their parents’ brusque behavior. Eventually, all is forgiven. They (and we) can move on. But the seeds of friction have been planted. Who knows how long this “truce” may last?

Police Captain Sharp rescues the falling Suzy and Sam atop the church steeple in ‘Moonrise Kingdom’

What’s so admirable about Suzy and Sam is that they’re both fearless risk-takers, the opposite of their burned-out, risk-averse parents. So much so that Police Captain Sharp does not want Sam to be placed with another foster parent or sent to an orphanage. Taking a firm stand at last, Sharp refuses to give him up to Social Services, a nonentity with nary a sentimental bone in her body. It’s business as usual for this meddler, another case to be stamped “complete” and filed away for reference. Her only concern is with getting the matter resolved and be done with it.

However, Police Captain Sharp has other ideas. His absurdly ludicrous rescue attempt atop the church steeple — metaphorically speaking, the scene of the couple’s first meeting — a cartoonish act of physical impossibility if you must know, remains plausible within the range and context of Anderson’s overblown possibilities.

Believe it or not, this brings the story back to where it all began: with the hurricane standing in for Noah’s Ark and the Flood, wiping the kids’ and the adults’ past transgressions clean, in order to start fresh in an ever-evolving adult world. The former “losers” Sam Shakusky and Suzy Bishop, on their own “hard road” to discovery, have figured things out for themselves. Life has pulled them apart and placed them back together again (in the manner of pint-sized Humpty Dumpties). They may have had their great falls, but it’s all in the name of progress: of growing up, of learning and of moving on; of picking yourself up, shaking the dust off your feet, and, yes, starting over.

It’s about analyzing one’s thoughts and actions, while trying to cope with newfound feelings. That’s the spirit! Yes, those new sensations, new emotions, new bodily urges, some of them quite (ahem) carnal in nature. At “Moonrise Kingdom,” their paradisiacal, coastline strip of refuge from encroaching civilization, Suzy and Sam dance cheek to cheek, close enough to engage in intimate behavior. You can’t blame them for trying to make sense of a senseless world: the pains, the sorrows, the missed opportunities, and the consequences of one’s actions are there to be explored. These are what growing up is about. Little rebels with little causes, analogous to Nicholas Ray’s mid-1950s paean to rebellious youth. And it ain’t gonna get any easier, our young people learn. Life never does.

Suzy blows a kiss to Sam in the conclusion to Wes Anderson’s ‘Moonrise Kingdom’

Will Suzy and Sam remain together after summer’s end? Hmm… I think it’s better we don’t know. (Note: Spoilers ahead!) Sam does find a role model and true parent in the “sad, dumb” policeman, Captain Sharp. Suzy does go back home with her family. If their lives turn out to be no better than the ones their parents led, it would be a tragedy indeed, one too hurtful to bear.

Instead, we’ve participated in a comedy of sorts. A human comedy, of course — at least we hope it is. Hope is a good thing to have when you’re on your own, with nothing but your wits to guide you. You live by your wits. It sure helps to have someone by your side, though. Together, you can make a little life for yourself. On your own. No cares. No interference. And no adults around to cramp your style. Mini hippies, left to their devices.   

“Kids! What’s the matter with kids today?” Ah, yes! Those crazy mixed-up kids! What a nuisance, what a pain! Don’t you love ‘em anyway?

Copyright © 2021 by Josmar F. Lopes

‘Star Wars,’ The Original Series (Part Nine): ‘Episode VI, Return of the Jedi’ — To Move Forward, We Must Go Backward

Poster Art for ‘Return of the Jedi’ (1983)

Return of the Naïve

George Lucas found himself in a quandary: How does one tie up all the loose ends that have been introduced from The Empire Strikes Back? Young Luke’s training was incomplete, so how can he face Lord Vader in the end? Is he prepared to do battle with this mighty foe, and is he ready for the trial of his life? He’s not fully trained, so where does he go from here?

Back on Dagobah, sickly old Yoda is on his last legs. Still, our little green friend charges Luke with confronting Vader. But since Luke Skywalker has been away helping to rescue Han Solo from his carbonite confines, when did he find the time to train? Good point! He must have done it on the “fly.” Still, young Luke must resolve the problems left hanging from the two previous films. Grumpy little Yoda hems and haws, coughs and wheezes his way around this argument.

Yes, Yoda finally confirms, Vader is indeed Luke’s father. “Unfortunate, this is” that Luke’s impatience to move on has left him woefully ill-equipped for the struggle ahead. But now that he’s a full-fledged Jedi knight of the realm — a battle tested and battle scarred junior trainee — he’s older and wiser, correct? Um, not so fast.

“When gone I am, the last of the Jedi you will be,” Yoda admits, the very title of which will come back to haunt Master Luke, as he, too, becomes the continuation of that plot element: namely, the literal last man standing.

Master Yoda on his deathbed, with Young Skywalker by his side in ‘Return of the Jedi’

The sad part is, he’ll have to do it alone. Or so he thinks. With Yoda’s passing, Luke’s fate has been sealed. But the wise old mentor leaves him with a thought: “There is another Skywalker.” Oh, really? Who can it be? Surprise, surprise: It’s Princess Leia! Hidden as a child from Vader’s wrath, no less. We know this to be true by virtue of Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, where Anakin Skywalker turns away from the Force, only to embrace the Darker Side of his life.

On cue, Obi-Wan Kenobi materializes in blurry, ghostly form to counsel young Skywalker on what must be done next. Luke is not amused by all the lies and deceptions the two Jedis have spun around the “Your father was killed by Vader” nonsense. His father did die and he was killed, “From a certain point of view,” Obi-Wan tells him. PERIOD, FULL STOP.

Say, what? “From a certain point of view?” Luke repeats, incredulously. Since when did the Jedi split hairs over viewpoints? So, now they’re prone to stretching the truth? And they speak with forked tongues? (Well, some do, anyway.) Obi-Wan Kenobi’s task, at this juncture, is to bring young Luke up to speed on what’s transpired. From there, Luke needs to go and do what he needs to go and do. No more questions, no more pussyfooting around the illogic. Forget about what they told him before, it’s upward and onward you go!

Obi-Wan frets, so to speak, about his young charge’s reluctance to pick up the Jedi mantle of revenge. And we thought the Jedi weren’t into that sort of thing. Dream on, young Padawan! On the other hand, Luke is relieved to learn of the existence of his twin sister (honestly, they must be of the fraternal variety, since they look nothing alike). But Old Ben brings him back down to earth (or Dagobah) by admonishing him to guard his feelings. This dangerous bit of knowledge can be used against him, especially by the all-powerful Emperor, a master manipulator. Luke nods in acknowledgment.

Plotting and Planning

Jettison to the big council scene, the spot where the plot machinations are spelled out in advance; what George Lucas dubbed those “pointer scenes,” since they serve to (literally) point the plot in the direction that he, Mr. Lucas, wants it to go. Ditto for the characters. What happens next is determined, for better or worse, by the roles each cast member plays in the story to come.

Lando, Chewie, Han Solo, and Princess Leia in ‘Return of the Jedi’

Mon Mothma (Caroline Blakiston) is speaking. Readers may remember her, played by another actress of course, in the reasonably successful Rogue One: A Star Wars Story prequel. It’s THERE that viewers learn how the plans for the inner workings of the Death Stars were downloaded and absconded with by a ragtag suicide squad of reluctant Rebel raiders (Bothans, to be exact) — all deceased. “Fully operational battle station,” that’s the description, and protected by a generator shield emanating from the nearby forest moon of Endor.

The fish-headed General Ackbar (actor Tim Rose, voiced by Erik Bouaersfield), a cross between a carp and a tuna, relays his orders to the crew. Han and Leia have a little reunion with happy-go-lucky Lando. Soon enough, Luke returns in time to greet his friends. But Leia senses something’s amiss. Jedi Luke gives her the polite brush off. He’s not ready to spill his guts, not yet. “I’ll tell you about it sometime.” Uh-huh…. In the next sequence, Lando and Han wish each other luck, with Solo expressing deep concerns about never seeing his beloved Millennium Falcon again (sigh).

Well, they’re off! Next, we find Darth Vader in the Emperor’s throne room. Our Galactic demon, formerly known as Lord Sidious, awaits Luke’s return to pick up the fight where (yes) Lord Vader left off. Vader’s not needed at the moment, so the Emperor sends him off to twiddle his gloved thumbs in anticipation of what’s to come. Meanwhile, the Bogeyman gloats in glee to an ever-rising rasp and chuckle that, as any fan of bad-guy lore will tell you, will fly back in the villain’s face at some point in the saga.

In the next moment, Luke and his buddies appear within range of the Imperial Command ship. Wow, that was fast! Turns out they “borrowed” one of the Empire’s cruisers. Lord Vader has a momentary feeling of recognition, as does Luke. Simply put, they sense each other’s presence. Not a good thing for our intrepid lads. Yet, Vader allows them safe passage to Endor. Huh, what gives? A livelier place than either the desert Tatooine, the swampy Dagobah or the ice planet Hoth, Endor is a naturally verdant paradise with giant Sequoias and plenty of lush vegetation and underbrush. The perfect hiding place for “Rebel scum,” don’t you think?

It’s also here that our friends, specifically Leia and Luke (in Rebel battle fatigues), engage in a 120 mile-per-hour speed chase with highly expendable Imperial Stormtroopers in pursuit. The mixture of actual Redwood forests, blue screen, models with motion-capture controls, and jittery Steadicam make for impressive visuals all-around. Together, that “jumpy quality” adds realism and a feeling they’re going at super-high speeds. A terrific scene that lends action and tension. Certainly, Ben Burtt’s expert sound FX are especially convincing where they need to be.

Luke survives the chase, but Leia’s missing. Whoops! Now what? Enter a little Ewok, Wicket (unnamed, but played by real-life short person Warwick Davis). Small and cuddly, fierce and belligerent, he and the other Ewoks resemble fuzzy teddy bears. Originally, Wookiees were pegged to be the featured beasties in this sequence. However, Lucas and his casting directors realized the impossibility of locating and hiring seven-foot actors to embody the unreasonably tall and technologically advanced Wookiees. Ergo, the choice was made to go with the Little People. Davis is the main Ewok, able to convey emotion and personality through his tongue, despite the clumsy getup.

Game of Thrones

We’re back to Lord Vader and the Emperor. The “trap,” as it’s described in the Director’s Commentary, is set for Luke, Leia and Han. All are in danger. Vader knows that his son is with them, but the Emperor does not — irrefutable proof that Luke is able to shield his thoughts (as Obi-Wan had hinted earlier) as well as keep them focused and away from probing minds. Vader, however, is another matter. He and Luke are linked by familial ties which, no matter how hard Luke tries, will be penetrated by the power of the Dark Side.

The Emperor directs Vader not to be hasty but to wait for his son to come to him. “I have foreseen it,” he murmurs. I bet! But he hasn’t foreseen what will eventually take place, i.e., that the good guys will indeed prevail and the bad guys will fail. So much for the Dark Side’s power. It might need a boost if it’s to wreak the kind of havoc the Emperor of the Galactic Empire believes it will make. “And let slip the dogs of war!”

Lord Vader appears before the Galactic Emperor in ‘Return of the Jedi’

And now, back to Endor. You will notice that Lucas enjoys having his director, Richard Marquand, cut back and forth to different story elements and character situations. For all intents and purposes, Lucas oversaw the production of Return, while Marquand acted benignly on his behalf. Chewbacca, along with Han, Luke, Threepio and Artoo, leads them all right into a waiting net trap. “Always thinking with your stomach,” cries Han at his walking carpet buddy. They’re twenty or more feet up a tree. But not for long, thanks to Artoo’s trusty buzz saw blade, which allows the prisoners to break free of the trap. Only to plunge down to the ground, just in time to be greeted by that “bloodthirsty” band furry creatures.

This is not your ordinary bunch of little people, mind you, but a feisty and hearty brood. They immediately take an aggressive stand against the invaders, much as the Vietnamese had done with American fighting men in the decades before the film was released.

It looks like our friends are being groomed for the main dinner course, when C-3PO emerges from the underbrush to complain about his sore head. Imagine that, a robot with a splitting headache! Before viewers get too wrapped up in this illogical construct, the Ewoks prostrate themselves and bow before our butler-bot. As it turns out, they think he’s some kind of god or something. (They mutter in an obscure Northern Chinese language of primitive origin.)

With that, the Ewoks whisk the party off to their tree-dwelling abode deep in the forest, with Threepio at the head of the party seated on a throne-like chair. Goodness gracious! The others are carried aloft as if they were the prize catch. Overall, a good day’s hunting. They announce their arrival via a blast on their little horns. (Note: In an ode to old-time epic pictures, their sound is reminiscent of the ones used by Cecil B. DeMille in The Ten Commandments.)

Oh, look! Dinner is served! Leia and Wicket come out in time and try to put out the barbecue. But nothing doing! The Ewoks want their cake and eat it, too. Luckily, Luke’s Jedi mind hasn’t been bound by the ropes. He’s free to use it to scare the little tykes off. He manages to levitate Threepio around the village, enough to frighten them to release his friends from “bondage,” as it were. Not only are the critters cute and fuzzy, they’re also tough as toenails. But is that sufficient enough means to defeat the Evil Empire? Time will tell.

Confession is Good for the Soul

It’s nighttime at the Ewok outpost. A bonfire is lit (but no vanities, thank you). Time for some scary stories to enliven the evening, and Threepio is the one to tell them. He gives a lively re-enactment of where they’ve been, and who and what obstacles they’ve encountered. His sound effects alone are priceless.

Anthony Daniels, the British-born actor who inhabits the metallic outfit, extemporaneously delivers a recap (from memory, we’re told) of their adventures. Daniels should have received a special award or some recognition for his contribution. Sound FX designer Ben Burtt equally praised his pantomime tour de force, while the sound crew supplied the flyovers and other noises associated with the cast’s sojourns. A nice lull in the action that fulfills an actual purpose. The end result is that our heroes are now honorary members of the tribe. Now, can they get their laser guns and lightsabers back, please?

From a good time and needed break in the action, we move on to a serious moment or two with the reunited couple, Luke and Leia. It’s here that Master Luke, as C-3PO insists on calling him, lets the cat out of the bag that Leia and he are (holy smoke!) brother and sister. Moments before, Leia reminisces about a mother she barely knew.

C-3PO as Storyteller par excellence, as he recreates the past in ‘Return of the Jedi’

Of course, she never got to know her. As any Star Wars fan will tell you, Princess Amidala died in childbirth, so there’s no way Leia would remember her mommy dearest. Well, then, did Leia mean her “adopted” mother — that is, the wife of Senator Bail Organa (Jimmy Smits) in the later prequels? If not, then who the hell is she talking about? Her nursemaid, her wetnurse? Who exactly..?   

This must be one of Mr. Lucas’ lapses in continuity. Or were they? Well, if you must know, Richard Wagner was himself inclined to provide conflicting and often contradictory justifications for past occurrences, notably in his Ring of the Nibelung. For example, there are several explanations for Wotan’s missing eye, along with a slew of non sequiturs throughout the Norse and Germanic sources. One way or another, Wagner managed to get around these inconsistencies. But the point is he never reconciled the conflicts, therefore the versions remain as they are: flawed but reflective of his characters’ human frailties.

Another example is the dwarf Mime (a stand-in for Yoda) and his mumbling on about being both mother and father to young Siegfried (our Luke). Well, then, how did Mime come upon the baby Siegfried? Did his mother, Sieglinde, give the boy to him at birth? Did Mime deliver the child by himself, or did he have help? Was Sieglinde already dead, or did Mime kill her when he found out who she was and who she was carrying? More ironically, did Mime make the story up about his having brought Siegfried up? We have no idea.

In comparison, this whole sequence about Luke and Leia’s origins fits right in, believe or not, with those ancient Greek myths and their Norse variety. Each successive generation gets to embellish the tale to their exclusive ends. The same holds true for Star War mythology: We have the facts, we have the legends. But when the facts get in the way of the legends, what do we do? We print the legends, of course. (Thank you, John Ford.)

In Lucas’ comments, he notes that it was hard enough for Luke to accept the fact that he’s Vader’s son and take it to heart. Imagine how hard it will be for Leia to believe she is Luke’s sister. And that her father is also his father, the dreaded Dark Lord of the Sith. That’s too much info for one person to handle, let alone the two of them. Especially when the person you’ve grown attached to tells you that, “You have the power, too.” That “holy crap, it’s a Jedi mind trick” kind of power, the kind that lifts X-Wing fighters out of mudholes.

“The Force is strong in my family,” Luke fesses up. “My father has it. I have it. And … my sister has it.” Leia’s reaction, besides that incredulous stare, is stunningly forthright: “I’ve always known.” Yes, indeed, she’s always suspected it. But she remains unconvinced that Luke needs to confront dear old Dad in one-to-one combat. Intuitively, perhaps Leia realizes that one of them must die. If it’s Papa Darth, so be it, Jedi. But if it’s brother Luke, God help them all! Who can save them from the Emperor’s wrath, from the vengeful Lord Vader? Can they rely on Threepio or Artoo, or Chewie or even Han? How about Lando? If not them, who, then?

Luke’s crazy idea about “saving” his father from himself falls on disbelieving ears. Leia must surely be thinking, “What’s the matter with you, Luke? Do you really believe you can turn things around?” Not wanting to risk discovery, Luke takes his leave. Leia’s in a bigger funk than she ever expected to be in. And here they thought there was something to celebrate.

Luke tells Leia of their fraternal relationship in ‘Return of the Jedi’

At that moment, who should come out to see her but the jealous Han Solo. He watches Luke take off behind them. “What’s going on?” Han inquires, the same question he posed to his raffish pal, Lando Calrissian, in The Empire Strikes Back, minus the “buddy” part. The green-eyed monster is lurking about, but duty calls. We know, from past interviews and assorted making-ofs, that Harrison Ford, the face and figure behind Han Solo, wanted his character to die in either Empire or Return of the Jedi. It made no difference to him when, as long as Han got the axe.

That Han Solo should have died, or at least remained frozen as Jabba’s wall-mount trophy, would have suited Ford’s desire to no end. His reasoning was based, quite soundly, on the fact that Han was given nothing to do in Episode VI. Not only that, but the carbonite experience must have lowered his IQ down to Planet Hoth levels: below zero, in fact.

Solo is pictured as slow to catch on to what’s happening. He’s very much out of step with the character as we know him. Earlier, Solo was portrayed as smart, quick-witted, improvisational when the need arose, fast on the draw, and a damn good fighter pilot. Considering the abuse he received at the hands of Imperial Forces, not to mention Vader and Jabba’s minions, Han’s standing in Return of the Jedi as a leader of record has been lowered to sidekick levels. Is this any way to treat a war veteran?

Another reason why J.J. Abrams, after being chosen to direct Episode VII: The Force Awakens, decided to take Harrison up on his offer to have Han Solo eliminated — ironically, at the hands of his own son with Leia, the incongruously named Ben Solo, aka Kylo Ren (a deliberate reversal and reapportionment of his given moniker).

Needless to say, Han and Leia make up. “Hold me,” she asks. Cue: the two cuddling closely. But it’s also true what the late Carrie Fisher, in her DVD/Blu-ray disc commentary, had conveyed to viewers about the feisty couple’s onscreen relationship: “It was better when we were fighting.”

(End of Part Nine)

To be continued….

Transcript of dialogue from the original screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas, and taken from the novelization by Lucas

Copyright © 2021 by Josmar F. Lopes

‘Gods and Monsters’ (1998) — A ‘Whale’ of a Tale

Sir Ian McKellen as British director James Whale in ‘Gods and Monsters’ (1998)

Here’s a little background information on British director, stage actor and painter James Whale, who the horror genre owes several debts of gratitude for his excellent work for Universal Pictures and other studios. Whale lent his flamboyant personality and insightful interpretation to such classics as FRANKENSTEIN (1931), THE OLD DARK HOUSE (1932), THE INVISIBLE MAN (1933), THE BRIDE OF FRANKENSTEIN (1935), his masterpiece; and the first sound version of Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein’s SHOW BOAT (1936). His life and career, as well as his mysterious “end,” were dramatized in the film GODS AND MONSTERS (1998). In it, Whale was played by the equally formidable Ian McKellen. Along with a fabulous performance by Lynn Redgrave as Hanna, his insistent housemaid, the film features Brendan Fraser (not so marvelous) as his handsome gardener Clayton Boone, Lolita Davidovich, David Dukes and Rosalind Ayres as Elsa Lanchester. An early icon of gay culture, Whale’s lifeless body was found floating in his swimming pool, his death never fully explained. The film hints at a possible suicide. McKellen’s take on Whale as a washed-up old “flame” is spot-on all the way. But the tired old device of interjecting biographical data via the lazy artifice of someone — in this case, a local university student working on his PhD of Hammer Horror Films — interviewing the lead character about his life and experience is dead on arrival. Whale’s interest in his pretty boy gardener is a key diversion. However, Fraser plays him as if he wandered in from another movie entirely. Still highly recommended for McKellen and Redgrave’s cantankerous yet understated rapport.

Copyright (c) 2021 by Josmar F. Lopes